{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1783675686072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RYC2018-025009-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2018-025009-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is generally accepted that the use of natural interaction provides a positive impact in Virtual Reality (VR) applications. Therefore, it is important to understand what is the best way to integrate and visualize this feature in VR. For this reason, this paper presents a comparative study of the integration of natural hand interaction in two immersive VR systems: a Cave Audio Visual Experience (CAVE) system \u2013where users\u2019 real hands are visible\u2013 and a non-see-through Head-Mounted Display (HMD) system \u2013where only a virtual representation of the hands is possible\u2013. In order to test the suitability of using this type of interaction in a CAVE and compare it to an HMD, we raise six research questions related to task performance, usability and perception differences regarding natural hand interaction with these two systems. To answer these questions, we designed an experiment where users have to complete a pick-and-place task with virtual balls and a text-typing task with virtual keyboards. In both systems, the same tracking technology, based on a Leap Motion device, was used. To the best of our knowledge this is the first academic work addressing a comparison of this type. Objective and subjective data were collected during the experiments. The results show that the HMD has a performance, preference and usability advantage over the CAVE with respect to the integration of natural hand interaction. Nevertheless, the results also show that the CAVE system can be, as well, successfully used in combination with an optical hand tracking device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T05:02:23Z","timestamp":1643346143000},"page":"7733-7758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A comparative analysis of two immersive virtual reality systems in the integration and visualization of natural hand interaction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-2250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Portal\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"11760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadzadeh Bazzaz S (2020) Depth and distance perceptions within virtual reality environments - a comparison between HMDs and CAVEs in architectural design. In: Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: architecture and fabrication in the cognitive age - proceedings of the 38th eCAADe conference - volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16\u201318 September 2020, pp. 375\u2013382. CUMINCAD","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2020.1.375"},{"key":"11760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argelaguet F, Hoyet L, Trico M, Lecuyer A (2016) The role of interaction in virtual embodiment: effects of the virtual hand representation. In: 2016 IEEE virtual reality (VR). Pp 3\u201310","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2016.7504682"},{"key":"11760_CR3","unstructured":"Aykent B, Merienne F, Kemeny A (2015) Effect of VR device \u2013 HMD and screen display \u2013 on the sickness for driving simulation"},{"key":"11760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azmandian M, Hancock M, Benko H, et al (2016) Haptic Retargeting: Dynamic Repurposing of Passive Haptics for Enhanced Virtual Reality Experiences. In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1968\u20131979","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858226"},{"key":"11760_CR5","first-page":"114","volume":"4","author":"A Bangor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bangor A, Kortum P, Miller J (2009) Determining what individual SUS scores mean: adding an adjective rating scale. J Usability Stud 4:114\u2013123","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"},{"key":"11760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benda B, Esmaeili S, Ragan ED (2020) Determining detection thresholds for fixed positional offsets for virtual hand remapping in virtual reality. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR). IEEE, pp 269\u2013278","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00050"},{"key":"11760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120204602607","volume":"46","author":"DA Bowman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bowman DA, Datey A, Ryu YS, Farooq U, Vasnaik O (2002) Empirical comparison of human behavior and performance with different display devices for virtual environments. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46:2134\u20132138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154193120204602607","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"key":"11760_CR8","first-page":"4","volume":"189","author":"J Brooke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooke J (1996) SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale. Usability evaluation in industry 189:4\u20137","journal-title":"Usability evaluation in industry"},{"key":"11760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combe T, Chardonnet J-R, Merienne F, Ovtcharova J (2021) CAVE vs. HMD in distance perception. In: 2021 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW). IEEE, pp 448\u2013449","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW52623.2021.00106"},{"key":"11760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2599107","volume":"23","author":"M Cordeil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cordeil M, Dwyer T, Klein K, Laha B, Marriott K, Thomas BH (2017) Immersive collaborative analysis of network connectivity: CAVE-style or head-mounted display? IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 23:441\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2599107","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"11760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Neira C, Sandin DJ, DeFanti TA, et al (1992) The CAVE: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment. Communications of the ACM 35:64-","DOI":"10.1145\/129888.129892"},{"key":"11760_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/mti2010008","volume":"2","author":"C Cruz-Neira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cruz-Neira C, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Portal\u00e9s C (2018) Virtual reality and games. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti2010008","journal-title":"Multimodal Technologies and Interaction"},{"key":"11760_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorado JL, Figueroa P, Chardonnet J, et al (2017) Comparing VR environments for seat selection in an opera theater. In: 2017 IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces (3DUI). Pp 221\u2013222","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2017.7893351"},{"key":"11760_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3396249","volume":"1","author":"A Elor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elor A, Powell M, Mahmoodi E, Hawthorne N, Teodorescu M, Kurniawan S (2020) On shooting stars: comparing cave and hmd immersive virtual reality exergaming for adults with mixed ability. ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 1:1\u201322","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"},{"key":"11760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghinea M, Frunz\u0103 D, Chardonnet J-R, et al (2018) Perception of absolute distances within different visualization systems: HMD and CAVE. In: De Paolis LT, Bourdot P (eds) augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics. Springer international publishing, pp 148\u2013161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95270-3_10"},{"key":"11760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grabowski A (2021) Practical skills training in enclosure fires: an experimental study with cadets and firefighters using CAVE and HMD-based virtual training simulators Fire Safety Journal 103440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.firesaf.2021.103440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2021.103440"},{"key":"11760_CR17","unstructured":"International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) IBM SPSS Software. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/analytics\/spss-statistics-software. Accessed 3 Sep 2021"},{"key":"11760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.3.232","volume":"18","author":"MC Juan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Juan MC, P\u00e9rez D (2009) Comparison of the levels of presence and anxiety in an acrophobic environment viewed via HMD or CAVE. Presence Teleop Virt 18:232\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres.18.3.232","journal-title":"Presence Teleop Virt"},{"key":"11760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim K, Rosenthal MZ, Zielinski D, Bradi R (2012) Comparison of desktop, head mounted display, and six wall fully immersive systems using a stressful task. In: virtual reality conference, IEEE(VR). Pp 143\u2013144","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2012.6180922"},{"key":"11760_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3959-0","volume":"76","author":"DQ Leite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leite DQ, Duarte JC, Neves LP, de Oliveira JC, Giraldi GA (2017) Hand gesture recognition from depth and infrared Kinect data for CAVE applications interaction. Multimed Tools Appl 76:20423\u201320455","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"11760_CR21","volume-title":"A technique for the measurement of attitudes","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology"},{"key":"11760_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin L, Normoyle A, Adkins A, et al (2019) The effect of hand size and interaction modality on the virtual hand illusion. In: 2019 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). IEEE, pp 510\u2013518","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797787"},{"key":"11760_CR23","unstructured":"Lindsey S (2017) Evaluation of low cost controllers for Mobile based virtual reality headsets"},{"key":"11760_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallaro S, Rahimian P, O\u2019Neal EE, et al (2017) A comparison of head-mounted displays vs. large-screen displays for an interactive pedestrian simulator. In: proceedings of the 23rd ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology. ACM, New York, NY, USA, p 6:1-6:4","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139171"},{"key":"11760_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1951.10500769","volume":"46","author":"FJ Massey Jr","year":"1951","unstructured":"Massey FJ Jr (1951) The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit. J Am Stat Assoc 46:68\u201378","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"11760_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2017.3.ERVR-094","volume":"2017","author":"DR Mestre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mestre DR (2017) CAVE versus head-mounted displays: ongoing thoughts. Electronic Imaging 2017:31\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2017.3.ERVR-094","journal-title":"Electronic Imaging"},{"key":"11760_CR27","unstructured":"Miller J, Baiotto H, MacAllister A, et al Comparison of a Virtual Game-Day Experience on Varying Devices. https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/ist\/ei\/2017\/00002017\/00000016\/art00006. Accessed 3 Sep 2021"},{"key":"11760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","volume":"22","author":"P Mishra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A (2019) Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth 22:67","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"11760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106004","volume":"152","author":"P Pala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pala P, Cavallo V, Dang NT, Grani\u00e9 MA, Schneider S, Maruhn P, Bengler K (2021) Analysis of street-crossing behavior: comparing a CAVE simulator and a head-mounted display among younger and older adults. Accid Anal Prev 152:106004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2021.106004","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"11760_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0872","volume":"14","author":"D Perani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perani D, Fazio F, Borghese NA, Tettamanti M, Ferrari S, Decety J, Gilardi MC (2001) Different brain correlates for watching real and virtual hand actions. NeuroImage 14:749\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2001.0872","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"11760_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-011-9178-5","volume":"6","author":"D Perez-Marcos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perez-Marcos D, Sanchez-Vives MV, Slater M (2012) Is my hand connected to my body? The impact of body continuity and arm alignment on the virtual hand illusion. Cogn Neurodyn 6:295\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11571-011-9178-5","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"key":"11760_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philpot A, Glancy M, Passmore PJ, et al (2017) User experience of panoramic video in CAVE-like and head mounted display viewing conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM international conference on interactive experiences for TV and online video. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 65\u201375","DOI":"10.1145\/3077548.3077550"},{"key":"11760_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9356-9","volume":"43","author":"SS Rautaray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rautaray SS, Agrawal A (2015) Vision based hand gesture recognition for human computer interaction: a survey. Artif Intell Rev 43:1\u201354","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"11760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.1873","volume":"30","author":"E Ronchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ronchi E, Mayorga D, Lovreglio R, Wahlqvist J, Nilsson D (2019) Mobile-powered head-mounted displays versus cave automatic virtual environment experiments for evacuation research. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 30:e1873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cav.1873","journal-title":"Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds"},{"key":"11760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider D, Otte A, Kublin AS, et al (2020) Accuracy of commodity finger tracking systems for virtual reality head-mounted displays. In: 2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces abstracts and workshops (VRW). IEEE, pp 805\u2013806","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00253"},{"key":"11760_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shapiro SS, Wilk MB (1965) An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591\u2013611","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"11760_CR37","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European conference on cognitive ergonomics 2017","author":"K Tcha-Tokey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tcha-Tokey K, Loup-Escande E, Christmann O, Richir S (2017) Effects on user experience in an edutainment virtual environment: comparison between CAVE and HMD. In: Proceedings of the European conference on cognitive ergonomics 2017. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 1\u20138"},{"key":"11760_CR38","unstructured":"Unity Technologies Unity Real-time Development Platform. In: Unity 3D. Accessed 3 Sep 2021"},{"key":"11760_CR39","unstructured":"University of Valencia IRTIC. In: Institute on Robotics and Information and Communication Technologies. https:\/\/www.uv.es\/uvweb\/university-research-institute-robotics-information-communication-technologies\/en\/institute-robotics-information-technology-communications-1285895240418.html. Accessed 3 Sep 2021"},{"key":"11760_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506380","volume":"13","author":"F Weichert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weichert F, Bachmann D, Rudak B, Fisseler D (2013) Analysis of the accuracy and robustness of the leap motion controller. Sensors 13:6380\u20136393","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T13:44:34Z","timestamp":1726580674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["11760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11760-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the participants in this research volunteered for the experiment and signed an informed consent regarding their participation in the study, which was unpaid and completely anonymous.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}