{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:55:20Z","timestamp":1776275720843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh ersity Grants Commission","award":["007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T16:02:31Z","timestamp":1645027351000},"page":"10631-10651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["RATNet: A deep learning model for Bengali handwritten characters recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Md Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Md Moklesur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Md Hafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Massimo Walter","family":"Rivolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0349-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Aktaruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"12070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhand M, Rahman MM, Shill P et al (2015) Bangla handwritten numeral recognition using convolutional neural network. In: Proceeding of the international conference on electrical engineering and information communication technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEICT.2015.7307467"},{"key":"12070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhand MAH, Ahmed M, Rahman MMH (2016) Multiple convolutional neural network training for Bangla handwritten numeral recognition. In: Proceeding of the international conference on computer and communication engineering, San Francisco, Canada, pp 311\u2013315","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCE.2016.73"},{"issue":"10","key":"12070_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1294-6","volume":"1","author":"AAA Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali AAA, Suresha M (2019) A novel features and classifiers fusion technique for recognition of arabic handwritten character script. SN Appl Sci 1(10):1286","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"12070_CR4","unstructured":"Alom MZ, Sidike P, Taha TM et al (2017) Handwritten Bangla digit recognition using deep learning. arXiv:170502680"},{"key":"12070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alom MZ, Sidike P, Hasan M et al (2018) Handwritten Bangla character recognition using the state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks. Comput Intel Neurosc. arXiv:1712.09872:315-320","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6747098"},{"issue":"20","key":"12070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5884","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205884","volume":"20","author":"MS Amin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amin MS, Yasir SM, Ahn H (2020) Recognition of pashto handwritten characters based on deep learning. Sensors 20(20):5884","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"12070_CR7","unstructured":"Ba J, Mnih V, Kavukcuoglu K (2014) Multiple object recognition with visual attention. arXiv:14127755"},{"issue":"7","key":"12070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.008","volume":"42","author":"S Basu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Basu S, Das N, Sarkar R et al (2009) A hierarchical approach to recognition of handwritten Bangla characters. Pattern Recognit 42(7):1467\u20131484","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"3","key":"12070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.88","volume":"31","author":"U Bhattacharya","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhattacharya U, Chaudhuri BB (2009) Handwritten numeral databases of Indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(3):444\u2013457","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"12070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-012-0278-6","volume":"15","author":"U Bhattacharya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhattacharya U, Shridhar M, Parui SK et al (2012) Offline recognition of handwritten Bangla characters: An efficient two-stage approach. Pattern Anal Appl 15(4):445\u2013458","journal-title":"Pattern Anal Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"12070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-009-0084-x","volume":"12","author":"TK Bhowmik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bhowmik TK, Ghanty P, Roy A et al (2009) SVM-Based hierarchical architectures for handwritten Bangla character recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 12(2):97\u2013108","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recogn"},{"key":"12070_CR12","unstructured":"Biswas M, Islam R, Shom GK et al (2017) Banglalekha-isolated: A comprehensive Bangla handwritten character dataset. arXiv:170310661"},{"key":"12070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breuel TM, Ul-Hasan A, Al-Azawi MA et al (2013) High-performance ocr for printed english and fraktur using lstm networks. In: 2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 683\u2013687","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.140"},{"issue":"1","key":"12070_CR14","first-page":"370","volume":"47","author":"SK Chatterji","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chatterji SK (2002) The origin and development of the Bengali language. Indogermanische Forschungen 47(1):370\u2013380","journal-title":"Indogermanische Forschungen"},{"issue":"5","key":"12070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(97)00078-2","volume":"31","author":"B Chaudhuri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chaudhuri B, Pal U (1998) A complete printed Bangla OCR system. Pattern Recognit 31(5):531\u2013549","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"5","key":"12070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2011.11.030","volume":"12","author":"N Das","year":"2012","unstructured":"Das N et al (2012) Sarkar a genetic algorithm based region sampling for selection of local features in handwritten digit recognition application. Appl Soft Comput 12(5):1592\u20131606","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"12070_CR17","unstructured":"Das N, Basu S, Sarkar R et al (2009) Handwritten bangla compound character recognition: Potential challenges and probable solution. In: Procedding of the international joint conference on artificial intelligence, pp 1901\u20131913"},{"issue":"2","key":"12070_CR18","first-page":"109","volume":"2","author":"N Das","year":"2010","unstructured":"Das N, Das B, Sarkar R et al (2010) Handwritten Bangla basic and compund characters recogntion using MLP and SVM classifiers. J Comput 2(2):109\u2013115","journal-title":"J Comput"},{"key":"12070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-014-0222-y","volume":"17","author":"N Das","year":"2014","unstructured":"Das N, Acharya K, Sarkar R, et al. (2014) A benchmark image database of isolated Bangla handwritten compound characters. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 17:413\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10032-014-0222-y","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recogn"},{"key":"12070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fardous A, Afroge S (2019) Handwritten isolated Bangla compound character recognition. In: Procedding of the international conference on electrical, computer and communication engineering (ECCE), Cox\u2019sBazar, Bangladesh, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ECACE.2019.8679258"},{"key":"12070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber I, Hlav\u00e1\u010d M, \u017eelezny\u0300 M, et al. (2017) Facing face recognition with resnet: round one. In: Procedding of the international conference on interactive collaborative robotics, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK, pp 67\u201374","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66471-2_8"},{"key":"12070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariharan B, Arbel\u00e1ez P, Girshick R et al (2015) Hypercolumns for object segmentation and fine-grained localization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Boston, Massachusetts, pp 447\u2013456","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298642"},{"key":"12070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K, Zhang X, Ren S et al (2015) Deep residual learning for image recognition. CoRR arXiv:abs\/1512.03385","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"12070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang G, Liu Z, Van Der Maaten L et al (2017) Densely connected convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp 4700\u20134708","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"12070_CR25","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv:14126980"},{"issue":"11","key":"12070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, et al. (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278\u20132324","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"3","key":"12070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica 22(3):276\u2013282","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"key":"12070_CR28","unstructured":"Mnih V, Heess N, Graves A et al (2014) Recurrent models of visual attention. In: Procedding of the advances in neural information processing systems, Montreal Convention Centre, Canada, pp 2204\u20132212"},{"key":"12070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212,803","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3040298","volume":"8","author":"N Modhej","year":"2020","unstructured":"Modhej N, Bastanfard A, Teshnehlab M, et al. (2020) Pattern separation network based on the hippocampus activity for handwritten recognition. IEEE Access 8:212,803\u2013212,817","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"12070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal U, Wakabayashi T, Kimura F (2007) Handwritten Bangla compound character recognition using gradient feature. In: Procedding of the international conference on information technology (ICIT), Orissa, India, IEEE, pp 208\u2013213","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2007.62"},{"key":"12070_CR31","unstructured":"Park J, Woo S, Lee JY et al (2018) BAM: Bottleneck attention module. arXiv:180706514"},{"key":"12070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purnamawati S, Rachmawati D, Lumanauw G et al (2018) Korean letter handwritten recognition using deep convolutional neural network on android platform. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/978\/1\/012112"},{"key":"12070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.426","volume":"143","author":"ASA Rabby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rabby ASA, Haque S, Islam S, et al. (2018) Bornonet: Bangla handwritten characters recognition using convolutional neural network. Procedia Comput Sci 143:528\u2013535","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"12070_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racki D, Tomazevic D, Skocaj D (2018) A compact convolutional neural network for textured surface anomaly detection. In: Procedding of the IEEE winter conference on applications of computer vision, lake tahoe, NV, USA, pp 1331\u20131339","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00150"},{"issue":"8","key":"12070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2015.08.05","volume":"7","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahman MM, Akhand MAH, Islam S et al (2015) Bangla handwritten character recognition using convolutional neural network. International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing 7(8):42\u201349","journal-title":"International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing"},{"issue":"12","key":"12070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1682-y","volume":"1","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman MM, Islam MS, Sassi R, et al. (2019) Convolutional neural networks performance comparison for handwritten Bengali numerals recognition. SN Appl Sci 1(12):1660","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"12070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rownak AF, Rabby MF, Ismail S et al (2016) An efficient way for segmentation of bangla characters in printed document using curved scanning. In: 2016 5th international conference on informatics, electronics and vision (ICIEV), pp 938\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIEV.2016.7760138","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEV.2016.7760138"},{"key":"12070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.03.004","volume":"90","author":"S Roy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roy S, Das N, Kundu M, et al. (2017) Handwritten isolated Bangla compound character recognition: A new benchmark using a novel deep learning approach. Pattern Recognit Lett 90:15\u201321","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"12070_CR39","first-page":"455","volume":"12","author":"MM Saufi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saufi MM, Zamanhuri MA, Mohammad N et al (2018) Deep learning for roman handwritten character recognition. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12(2):455\u2013460","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"12070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sazal MMR, Biswas SK, Amin MF et al (2014) Bangla handwritten character recognition using deep belief network. In: Procedding of the international conference on electrical information and communication technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/EICT.2014.6777907"},{"key":"12070_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shopon M, Mohammed N, Abedin MA (2016) Bangla handwritten digit recognition using autoencoder and deep convolutional neural network. In: Procedding of the international workshop on computational intelligence (IWCI), pp 64\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCI.2016.7860340"},{"key":"12070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shopon M, Mohammed N, Abedin MA (2017) Image augmentation by blocky artifact in deep convolutional neural network for handwritten digit recognition. In: Procedding of the IEEE international conference on imaging, vision & pattern recognition, Himeji, Japan, pp 1\u20146","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIVPR.2017.7890867"},{"key":"12070_CR43","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2014) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:14091556"},{"key":"12070_CR44","unstructured":"Tsai C (2016) Recognizing handwritten japanese characters using deep convolutional neural networks. University of Stanford in Stanford, California, pp 405\u2013410"},{"key":"12070_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Jiang M, Qian C et al (2017) Residual attention network for image classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp 3156\u20133164","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.683"},{"key":"12070_CR46","unstructured":"Wikipedia contributors (2020) List of languages by number of native speakers \u2014 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers&oldid=978856845, [Online; accessed 9-October-2020]"},{"key":"12070_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo S, Park J, Lee JY et al (2018) CBAM: Convolutional block attention module. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision, Munich, Germany, pp 3\u201319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_1"},{"key":"12070_CR48","unstructured":"Zhang Y (2015) Deep convolutional network for handwritten chinese character recognition. Computer Science Department, Stanford University"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T11:22:00Z","timestamp":1648552920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["12070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12070-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Conflict of Interests"}}]}}