{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T23:48:49Z","timestamp":1776469729775,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T18:02:52Z","timestamp":1655316172000},"page":"1289-1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Review: Single attribute and multi attribute facial gender and age estimation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeta","family":"Nain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"12678_CR1","unstructured":"(2017) Japanese smokers to face age test. http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7395910.stm"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s41095-017-0097-1","volume":"4","author":"H Abbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbas H, Hicks Y, Marshall D, Zhurov AI, Richmond S (2018) A 3d morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. Computational Visual Media 4(1):17\u201332","journal-title":"Computational Visual Media"},{"key":"12678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2019.05.001","volume":"62","author":"M Afifi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afifi M, Abdelhamed A (2019) Afif4: Deep gender classification based on adaboost-based fusion of isolated facial features and foggy faces. J Vis Commun Image Represent 62:77\u201386","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"12678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbo-Ajala O, Viriri S (2020) Deeply learned classifiers for age and gender predictions of unfiltered faces. The Scientific World Journal 2020","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1289408"},{"key":"12678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162800","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022039","volume":"8","author":"O Agbo-Ajala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agbo-Ajala O, Viriri S (2020) A lightweight convolutional neural network for real and apparent age estimation in unconstrained face images. IEEE Access 8:162800\u2013162808","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"12678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamri T, Hussain M, Aboalsamh H, Muhammad G, Bebis G, Mirza A M (2013) Category specific face recognition based on gender. In: 2013 international conference on information science and applications (ICISA). IEEE, pp 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISA.2013.6579382"},{"issue":"11","key":"12678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.02.010","volume":"31","author":"LA Alexandre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alexandre LA (2010) Gender recognition: A multiscale decision fusion approach. Pattern Recognition Letters 31(11):1422\u20131427","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"12678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.011","volume":"70","author":"G Antipov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Antipov G, Berrani S-A, Dugelay J-L (2016) Minimalistic cnn-based ensemble model for gender prediction from face images. Pattern Recognition Letters 70:59\u201365","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"12678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053023","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.27.5.053023","volume":"27","author":"A Aslam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aslam A, Hussain B, Cetin AE, Umar AI, Ansari R (2018) Gender classification based on isolated facial features and foggy faces using jointly trained deep convolutional neural network. Journal of Electronic Imaging 27(5):053023","journal-title":"Journal of Electronic Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-8910-9","volume":"71","author":"S Baluja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baluja S, Rowley HA (2007) Boosting sex identification performance. Int J Comput Vis 71(1):111\u2013119","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"12678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bissoon T, Viriri S (2013) Gender classification using face recognition. In: 2013 international conference on adaptive science and technology. IEEE, pp 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASTech.2013.6707489"},{"issue":"3","key":"12678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2387379","volume":"24","author":"K-Y Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang K-Y, Chen C-S (2015) A learning framework for age rank estimation based on face images with scattering transform. IEEE Trans Image Process 24 (3):785\u2013798","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"12678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang K-Y, Chen C-S, Hung Y-P (2011) Ordinal hyperplanes ranker with cost sensitivities for age estimation. In: CVPR 2011. IEEE, pp 585\u2013592","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995437"},{"issue":"3","key":"12678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.09.011","volume":"46","author":"W-L Chao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chao W-L, Liu J-Z, Ding J-J (2013) Facial age estimation based on label-sensitive learning and age-oriented regression. Pattern Recogn 46 (3):628\u2013641","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"6","key":"12678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2420374","volume":"17","author":"B-C Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen B-C, Chen C-S, Hsu W H (2015) Face recognition and retrieval using cross-age reference coding with cross-age celebrity dataset. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 17(6):804\u2013815","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"12678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S, Zhang C, Dong M, Le J, Rao M (2017) Using ranking-cnn for age estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 5183\u20135192","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.86"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR17","first-page":"30","volume":"16","author":"R Chikkala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chikkala R, Edara S, Bhima P (2019) Human facial image age group classification based on third order four pixel pattern (tofp) of wavelet image. Int Arab J Inf Technol 16(1):30\u201340","journal-title":"Int Arab J Inf Technol"},{"key":"12678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirne MVM, Pedrini H (2017) Gender recognition from face images using a geometric descriptor. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, pp 2006\u20132011","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8122913"},{"issue":"6","key":"12678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467","volume":"23","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cootes TF, Edwards GJ, Taylor CJ (2001) Active appearance models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6):681\u2013685","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR20","unstructured":"Cottrell G W, Metcalfe J (1991) Empath: Face, emotion, and gender recognition using holons. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 564\u2013571"},{"key":"12678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Amelio A, Cuculo V, Bursic S (2019) Gender recognition in the wild with small sample size-a dictionary learning approach. In: International symposium on formal methods. Springer, pp 162\u2013169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54994-7_12"},{"key":"12678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das A, Dantcheva A, Bremond F (2018) Mitigating bias in gender, age and ethnicity classification: a multi-task convolution neural network approach. In: Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 0\u20130","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11009-3_35"},{"key":"12678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deb D, Nain N, Jain A K (2018) Longitudinal study of child face recognition. In: 2018 international conference on biometrics (ICB). IEEE, pp 225\u2013232","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB2018.2018.00042"},{"key":"12678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debgupta R, Chaudhuri B B, Tripathy BK (2020) A wide resnet-based approach for age and gender estimation in face images. In: International conference on innovative computing and communications. Springer, pp 517\u2013530","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1286-5_44"},{"key":"12678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.08.062","volume":"275","author":"M Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan M, Li K, Yang C, Li K (2018) A hybrid deep learning cnn\u2013elm for age and gender classification. Neurocomputing 275:448\u2013461","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"12","key":"12678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2359646","volume":"9","author":"E Eidinger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eidinger E, Enbar R, Hassner T (2014) Age and gender estimation of unfiltered faces. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 9(12):2170\u20132179","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"12678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escalera S, Fabian J, Pardo P, Bar\u00f3 X, Gonzalez J, Escalante HJ, Misevic D, Steiner U, Guyon I (2015) Chalearn looking at people 2015: Apparent age and cultural event recognition datasets and results. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops, pp 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301329"},{"key":"12678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu Y, Hospedales TM, Xiang T, Yao Y, Gong S (2014) Interestingness prediction by robust learning to rank. In: ECCV","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10605-2_32"},{"issue":"11","key":"12678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.36","volume":"32","author":"Y Fu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fu Y, Guo G, Huang TS (2010) Age synthesis and estimation via faces: A survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 32(11):1955\u20131976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"12678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.921847","volume":"10","author":"Y Fu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fu Y, Huang TS (2008) Human age estimation with regression on discriminative aging manifold. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 10(4):578\u2013584","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"issue":"4","key":"12678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.921847","volume":"10","author":"Y Fu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fu Y, Huang TS (2008) Human age estimation with regression on discriminative aging manifold. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 10(4):578\u2013584","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia"},{"key":"12678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher AC, Chen T (2009) Understanding images of groups of people. In: 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE, pp 256\u2013263","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2009.5206828"},{"issue":"10","key":"12678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.51","volume":"35","author":"X Geng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geng X, Yin C, Zhou Z-H (2013) Facial age estimation by learning from label distributions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 35(10):2401\u20132412","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"12","key":"12678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70733","volume":"29","author":"X Geng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geng X, Zhou Z-H, Smith-Miles K (2007) Automatic age estimation based on facial aging patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29 (12):2234\u20132240","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng X, Zhou Z-H, Zhang Y, Li G, Dai H (2006) Learning from facial aging patterns for automatic age estimation. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp 307\u2013316","DOI":"10.1145\/1180639.1180711"},{"key":"12678_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo G (2012) Human age estimation and sex classification. In: Video analytics for business intelligence. Springer, pp 101\u2013131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28598-1_4"},{"key":"12678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo G, Mu G (2011) Simultaneous dimensionality reduction and human age estimation via kernel partial least squares regression. In: CVPR 2011. IEEE, pp 657\u2013664","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995404"},{"issue":"10","key":"12678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.04.011","volume":"32","author":"G Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo G, Mu G (2014) A framework for joint estimation of age, gender and ethnicity on a large database. Image Vis Comput 32(10):761\u2013770","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"12678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo G, Mu G, Fu Y, Dyer C, Huang T (2009) A study on automatic age estimation using a large database. In: 2009 IEEE 12th international conference on computer vision. IEEE, pp 1986\u20131991","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459438"},{"key":"12678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo G, Mu G, Fu Y, Huang T S (2009) Human age estimation using bio-inspired features. In: 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE, pp 112\u2013119","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206681"},{"key":"12678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurnani A, Shah K, Gajjar V, Mavani V, Khandhediya Y (2019) Saf-bage: Salient approach for facial soft-biometric classification-age, gender, and facial expression. In: 2019 IEEE winter conference on applications of computer vision (WACV). IEEE, pp 839\u2013847","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2019.00094"},{"issue":"4","key":"12678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1109\/72.857774","volume":"11","author":"S Gutta","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gutta S, Huang JRJ, Jonathon P, Wechsler H (2000) Mixture of experts for classification of gender, ethnic origin, and pose of human faces. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 11(4):948\u2013960","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"11","key":"12678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2738004","volume":"40","author":"H Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han H, Jain AK, Wang F, Shan S, Chen X (2017) Heterogeneous face attribute estimation: A deep multi-task learning approach. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 40(11):2597\u20132609","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"6","key":"12678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2362759","volume":"37","author":"H Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han H, Otto C, Liu X, Jain A K (2014) Demographic estimation from face images: Human vs. machine performance. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 37(6):1148\u20131161","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassner T, Harel S, Paz E, Enbar R (2015) Effective face frontalization in unconstrained images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 4295\u20134304","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299058"},{"key":"12678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong L-J, Wen D, Fang C, Ding X-Q (2013) Face age estimation by using bisection search tree. In: 2013 international conference on machine learning and cybernetics, vol 1. IEEE, pp 370\u2013374","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2013.6890496"},{"key":"12678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu G-SJ, Cheng Y-T, Ng CC, Yap MH (2017) Component biologically inspired features with moving segmentation for age estimation. In: 2017 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, pp 540\u2013547","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.81"},{"key":"12678_CR48","unstructured":"Huang GB, Ramesh M, Berg T, Learned-Miller E (2007) Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments. Tech. Rep. 07-49, University of Massachusetts, Amherst"},{"key":"12678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain A, Huang J (2004) Integrating independent components and linear discriminant analysis for gender classification. In: Sixth IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, 2004. Proceedings. IEEE, pp 159\u2013163","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2004.1301524"},{"key":"12678_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia S, Lansdall-Welfare T, Cristianini N (2016) Gender classification by deep learning on millions of weakly labelled images. In: 2016 IEEE 16th international conference on data mining workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, pp 462\u2013467","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2016.0072"},{"key":"12678_CR51","unstructured":"Ramesha K, Raja K B, Venugopal KR, Patnaik LM (2010) Feature extraction based face recognition, gender and age classification"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/KES-2005-9101","volume":"9","author":"A Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan A, Majid A, Mirza A M (2005) Combination and optimization of classifiers in gender classification using genetic programming. International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems 9(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"12678_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020328","volume":"20","author":"K Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan K, Attique M, Khan RU, Syed I, Chung T-S (2020) A multi-task framework for facial attributes classification through end-to-end face parsing and deep convolutional neural networks. Sensors 20(2):328","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"12678_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.09.027","volume":"27","author":"H-C Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim H-C, Kim D, Ghahramani Z, Bang SY (2006) Appearance-based gender classification with gaussian processes. Pattern Recogn Lett 27(6):618\u2013626","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"12678_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar N, Berg AC, Belhumeur PN, Nayar SK (2009) Attribute and simile classifiers for face verification. In: 2009 IEEE 12th international conference on computer vision. IEEE, pp 365\u2013372","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459250"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1997.0549","volume":"74","author":"YH Kwon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kwon YH, da Vitoria Lobo N (1999) Age classification from facial images. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 74(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"issue":"4","key":"12678_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1109\/34.993553","volume":"24","author":"A Lanitis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lanitis A, Taylor CJ, Cootes TF (2002) Toward automatic simulation of aging effects on face images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24 (4):442\u2013455","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J-H, Chan Y-M, Chen T-Y, Chen C-S (2018) Joint estimation of age and gender from unconstrained face images using lightweight multi-task cnn for mobile applications. In: 2018 IEEE conference on multimedia information processing and retrieval (MIPR). IEEE, pp 162\u2013165","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2018.00036"},{"key":"12678_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leng X, Wang Y (2008) Improving generalization for gender classification. In: 2008 15th IEEE international conference on image processing. IEEE, pp 1656\u20131659","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2008.4712090"},{"key":"12678_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi G, Hassner T (2015) Age and gender classification using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 34\u201342","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301352"},{"key":"12678_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S, Xing J, Niu Z, Shan S, Yan S (2015) Shape driven kernel adaptation in convolutional neural network for robust facial traits recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 222\u2013230","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298618"},{"key":"12678_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W, Lu J, Feng J, Xu C, Zhou J, Tian Q (2019) Bridgenet: A continuity-aware probabilistic network for age estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 1145\u20131154","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00124"},{"key":"12678_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhou X, Huang T S (2009) Spatial gaussian mixture model for gender recognition. In: 2009 16th IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP). IEEE, pp 45\u201348","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2009.5413917"},{"issue":"2","key":"12678_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6342-5","volume":"78","author":"H Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao H (2019) Facial age feature extraction based on deep sparse representation. Multimedia Tools and Applications 78(2):2181\u20132197","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"12678_CR65","unstructured":"Liao Z, Petridis S, Pantic M (2017) Local deep neural networks for age and gender classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.08497"},{"issue":"2","key":"12678_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2746062","volume":"13","author":"H Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu H, Lu J, Feng J, Zhou J (2017) Label-sensitive deep metric learning for facial age estimation. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 13(2):292\u2013305","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"12678_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12010146","volume":"12","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Zou Y, Kuang H, Ma X (2020) Face image age estimation based on data augmentation and lightweight convolutional neural network. Symmetry 12 (1):146","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"12678_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Luo P, Wang X, Tang X (2015) Deep learning face attributes in the wild. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 3730\u20133738","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.425"},{"key":"12678_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu L, Shi P (2009) A novel fusion-based method for expression-invariant gender classification. In: 2009 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing. IEEE, pp 1065\u20131068","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2009.4959771"},{"key":"12678_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu K, Seshadri K, Savvides M, Bui T D, Suen C Y (2011) Contourlet appearance model for facial age estimation. In: 2011 international joint conference on biometrics (IJCB). IEEE, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117601"},{"issue":"10","key":"12678_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2008.03.016","volume":"29","author":"E M\u00e4kinen","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen E, Raisamo R (2008) An experimental comparison of gender classification methods. Pattern Recogn Lett 29(10):1544\u20131556","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"12678_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.015","volume":"70","author":"J Mansanet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansanet J, Albiol A, Paredes R (2016) Local deep neural networks for gender recognition. Pattern Recogn Lett 70:80\u201386","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"12678_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.11.002","volume":"42","author":"H Moeini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeini H, Mozaffari S (2017) Gender dictionary learning for gender classification. J Vis Commun Image Represent 42:1\u201313","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"issue":"5","key":"12678_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000244","volume":"24","author":"B Moghaddam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moghaddam B, Yang M-H (2002) Learning gender with support faces. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(5):707\u2013711","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu Z, Zhou M, Wang L, Gao X, Hua G (2016) Ordinal regression with multiple output cnn for age estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 4920\u20134928","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.532"},{"issue":"3","key":"12678_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2018.2864554","volume":"3","author":"OF Osman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osman O F, Yap M H (2018) Computational intelligence in automatic face age estimation: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence 3(3):271\u2013285","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"12678_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan H, Han H, Shan S, Chen X (2018) Mean-variance loss for deep age estimation from a face. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 5285\u20135294","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00554"},{"issue":"10","key":"12678_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1109\/34.879790","volume":"22","author":"PJ Phillips","year":"2000","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Moon H, Rizvi SA, Rauss PJ (2000) The feret evaluation methodology for face-recognition algorithms. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(10):1090\u20131104","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"12678_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.22436\/jmcs.002.02.03","volume":"2","author":"P Pirozmand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pirozmand P, Amiri MF, Kashanchi F, Layne NY (2011) Age estimation, a gabor pca-lda approach. J Math Comput Sci 2(2):233\u2013240","journal-title":"J Math Comput Sci"},{"key":"12678_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricanek K, Tesafaye T (2006) Morph: A longitudinal image database of normal adult age-progression. In: 7th international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FGR06). IEEE, pp 341\u2013345","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.78"},{"key":"12678_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothe R, Timofte R, Van Gool L (2015) Dex: Deep expectation of apparent age from a single image. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops, pp 10\u201315","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.41"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"12678_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0940-3","volume":"126","author":"R Rothe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothe R, Timofte R, Van Gool L (2018) Deep expectation of real and apparent age from a single image without facial landmarks. Int J Comput Vis 126 (2-4):144\u2013157","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"12678_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0940-3","volume":"126","author":"R Rothe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothe R, Timofte R, Van Gool L (2018) Deep expectation of real and apparent age from a single image without facial landmarks. Int J Comput Vis 126 (2-4):144\u2013157","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"12678_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2007.01050.x","volume":"26","author":"K Scherbaum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Scherbaum K, Sunkel M, Seidel H-P, Blanz V (2007) Prediction of individual non-linear aging trajectories of faces. Computer Graphics Forum 26(3):285\u2013294","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"12678_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakhnarovich G, Viola PA, Moghaddam B (2002) A unified learning framework for real time face detection and classification. In: Proceedings of Fifth IEEE international conference on automatic face gesture recognition. IEEE, pp 16\u201323","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2002.1004124"},{"key":"12678_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin M, Seo J-H, Kwon D-S (2017) Face image-based age and gender estimation with consideration of ethnic difference. In: 2017 26th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 567\u2013572","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172359"},{"key":"12678_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simanjuntak F, Azzopardi G (2019) Fusion of cnn-and cosfire-based features with application to gender recognition from face images. In: Science and information conference. Springer, pp 444\u2013458","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17795-9_33"},{"key":"12678_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somanath G, Rohith MV, Kambhamettu C (2011) Vadana: A dense dataset for facial image analysis. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops (ICCV Workshops). IEEE, pp 2175\u20132182","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130517"},{"issue":"3","key":"12678_CR89","first-page":"385","volume":"32","author":"J Suo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suo J, Zhu S-C, Shan S, Chen X (2009) A compositional and dynamic model for face aging. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 32(3):385\u2013401","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"12678_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.10.071","volume":"329","author":"S Taheri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taheri S, Toygar O (2019) On the use of dag-cnn architecture for age estimation with multi-stage features fusion. Neurocomputing 329:300\u2013310","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"12678_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thukral P, Mitra K, Chellappa R (2012) A hierarchical approach for human age estimation. In: 2012 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP). IEEE, pp 1529\u20131532","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2012.6288182"},{"key":"12678_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uricar M, Timofte R, Rothe R, Matas J, Van Gool L (2016) Structured output svm prediction of apparent age, gender and smile from deep features. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 25\u201333","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.96"},{"key":"12678_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Wolfshaar J, Karaaba MF, Wiering MA (2015) Deep convolutional neural networks and support vector machines for gender recognition. In: 2015 IEEE symposium series on computational intelligence. IEEE, pp 188\u2013195","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2015.37"},{"key":"12678_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Han H, Shan S, Chen X (2017) Deep multi-task learning for joint prediction of heterogeneous face attributes. In: 2017 12th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2017). IEEE, pp 173\u2013179","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.30"},{"key":"12678_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J-G, Li J, Lee CY, Yau W-Y (2010) Dense sift and gabor descriptors-based face representation with applications to gender recognition. In: 2010 11th international conference on control automation robotics & vision. IEEE, pp 1860\u20131864","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2010.5707370"},{"key":"12678_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Guo R, Kambhamettu C (2015) Deeply-learned feature for age estimation. In: 2015 IEEE winter conference on applications of computer vision. IEEE, pp 534\u2013541","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2015.77"},{"key":"12678_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Li R, Zhou Y, Kambhamettu C (2017) A study of convolutional sparse feature learning for human age estimate. In: 2017 12th IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FG 2017). IEEE, pp 566\u2013572","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.141"},{"key":"12678_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson CM, Ferguson E (2016) Juvenile age estimation from facial images. Science & Justice","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2016.08.005"},{"key":"12678_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Ai H (2007) Demographic classification with local binary patterns. In: International conference on biometrics. Springer, pp 464\u2013473","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74549-5_49"},{"key":"12678_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi D, Lei Z, Li S Z (2014) Age estimation by multi-scale convolutional network. In: Asian conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 144\u2013158","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16811-1_10"},{"key":"12678_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildirim M E, Ince O F, Salman Y B, Song J K, Park J S, Yoon B W (2016) Gender recognition using hog with maximized inter-class difference.. In: VISIGRAPP (3: VISAPP), pp 108\u2013111","DOI":"10.5220\/0005715401060109"},{"issue":"6","key":"12678_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2822241","volume":"25","author":"B Yoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoo B, Kwak Y, Kim Y, Choi C, Kim J (2018) Deep facial age estimation using conditional multitask learning with weak label expansion. IEEE Signal Process Lett 25(6):808\u2013812","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"12678_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22492","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2761849","volume":"5","author":"K Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang K, Gao C, Guo L, Sun M, Yuan X, Han T X, Zhao Z, Li B (2017) Age group and gender estimation in the wild with deep ror architecture. IEEE Access 5:22492\u201322503","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"12678_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang K, Liu N, Yuan X, Guo X, Gao C, Zhao Z, Ma Z (2019) Fine-grained age estimation in the wild with attention lstm networks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2019.2936410"},{"key":"12678_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Song Y, Qi H (2017) Age progression\/regression by conditional adversarial autoencoder. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 5810\u20135818","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.463"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1744202772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["12678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12678-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}