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Also, it can be used as an intrinsic approach for face recognition tasks, in which an expression-independent face classifier is developed. Most approaches face the problem by designing deeper and deeper neural networks that consider an expression as a still image or, in some cases, a sequence of consecutive frames depicting the temporal component of the expression. However, these suffer the training phase\u2019s computational burden, which can take hours or days to be completed. In this work, a Web Shaped Model is proposed, which consists of a geometrical approach for extracting discriminant features from a face, depicting the characteristics of an expression. The model does not need to be trained since it is applied on a face and centred on the nose tip, resulting in image size and face size independence. Experiments on publicly available datasets show that this approach reaches comparable and even better results than those obtained applying DNN-based approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13361-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T02:02:36Z","timestamp":1660615356000},"page":"11321-11336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Emotion recognition by web-shaped model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Barra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"13361_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdulrahman M, Gwadabe TR, Abdu FJ, Eleyan A (2014) Gabor wavelet transform based facial expression recognition using pca and lbp. 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Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Paola Barra], [Luigi De Maio] and [Silvio Barra]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Paola Barra] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 No funding was received for conducting this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 No funds, grants, or other support was received.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u2022 The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}