{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:47:01Z","timestamp":1771519621157,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T07:04:41Z","timestamp":1662707081000},"page":"11337-11364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["CMHE-AN: Code mixed hybrid embedding based attention network for aggression identification in hindi english code-mixed text"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shikha","family":"Mundra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namita","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"13668_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Athavale V, Bharadwaj S, Pamecha M, Prabhu A, Shrivastava M (2016) Towards deep learning in hindi ner: An approach to tackle the labelled data sparsity. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on natural language processing, pp 154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1610.09756","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1610.09756"},{"key":"13668_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Badjatiya P, Gupta S, Gupta M, Varma V (2017) Deep learning for hate speech detection in tweets. 26th International World Wide Web Conference 2017, WWW 2017 Companion, pp 759\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3041021.3054223","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054223"},{"key":"13668_CR3","unstructured":"Bahdanau D, Cho KH, Bengio Y (2015) Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In: 3Rd international conference on learning representations, ICLR 2015"},{"key":"13668_CR4","unstructured":"Bakliwal A, Arora P, Varma V (2012) Hindi subjective lexicon: A lexical resource for Hindi adjective polarity classification. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC\u201912), pp 1189\u20131196 European Language Resources Association (ELRA). http:\/\/www.lrec-conf.org\/proceedings\/lrec2012\/pdf\/673_Paper.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2021"},{"key":"13668_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhat IA, Mujadia V, Tammewar A, Bhat RA, Shrivastava M (2015) Iiit-h system submission for fire2014 shared task on transliterated search. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2824864.2824872","DOI":"10.1145\/2824864.2824872"},{"key":"13668_CR6","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Singh S, Kumar R et al (2020) Developing a multilingual annotated corpus of misogyny and aggression. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on trolling, aggression and cyberbullying, pp 158\u2013168. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.trac-1.25. Accessed 27 July 2021"},{"key":"13668_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bohra A, Vijay D, Singh V, Akhtar SS, Shrivastava M (2018) A dataset of Hindi-English code-mixed social media text for hate speech detection, pp 36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W18-1105","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-1105"},{"key":"13668_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051","volume":"5","author":"P Bojanowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bojanowski P, Grave E, Joulin A, Mikolov T (2017) Enriching word vectors with subword information. Trans Assoc Comput Linguistics 5:135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl\u2216_a\u2216_00051","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"13668_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.05.003","volume":"40","author":"N Chetty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chetty N, Alathur S (2018) Hate speech review in the context of online social networks. Aggress Violent Behav 40:108\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2018.05.003","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"13668_CR10","unstructured":"Das A, Bandyopadhyay S (2010) Sentiwordnet for indian languages. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Asian Language Resouces, pp 56\u201363"},{"key":"13668_CR11","unstructured":"Datta A, Si S, Chakraborty U, Naskar SK (2020) Spyder: Aggression detection on multilingual tweets. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on trolling, aggression and Cyberbullying, Language resources and evaluation conference LREC 2020, pp 87\u201392"},{"key":"13668_CR12","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K (2018) Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: NAACL HLT 2019 - 2019 Conference of the North american chapter of the association for computational linguistics:, Human language technologies - Proceedings of the conference, vol 1, pp 4171\u20134186"},{"key":"13668_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Q, Qiu X, Liu P, Xue X, Zhang Z (2020) Multi-scale self-attention for text classification. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on artificial intelligence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/AAAI.V34I05.6290, vol 34, pp 7847\u20137854","DOI":"10.1609\/AAAI.V34I05.6290"},{"key":"13668_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hassan S, Kirmani MM, Sheetlani J, Hassan M (2021) Materials today: Proceedings word embedding generation for urdu language using word2vec model. Materials Today: Proceedings. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.766"},{"key":"13668_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang F, Li X, Yuan C, Zhang S, Zhang J, Qiao S (2021) Attention-emotion-enhanced convolutional lstm for sentiment analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, pp 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3056664","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3056664"},{"key":"13668_CR16","unstructured":"Joshi A, Prabhu A, Shrivastava M, Varma V (2016) Towards sub-word level compositions for sentiment analysis of hindi-English code mixed text. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International conference on computational linguistics: Technical papers, pp 2482\u20132491. The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/C16-1234. Accessed 27 July 2021"},{"key":"13668_CR17","unstructured":"Kamble S, Joshi A (2018) Hate speech detection from code-mixed hindi-english tweets using deep learning models. In: 15th International conference on natural language processing (ICON-2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1811.05145"},{"key":"13668_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim Y (2014) Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. EMNLP 2014 - 2014 Conference on empirical methods in natural language processing, proceedings of the conference, pp 1746\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/d14-1181","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/d14-1181"},{"key":"13668_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112347","volume":"9","author":"H Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim H, Jeong YS (2019) Sentiment classification using convolutional neural networks. Appl Sci (Switzerland) 9:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9112347","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Switzerland)"},{"key":"13668_CR20","unstructured":"Koufakou A, Basile V, Patti V (2020) FlorUniTo@TRAC-2: Retrofitting word embeddings on an abusive lexicon for aggressive language detection. In: Proceedings of the second workshop on trolling, aggression and Cyberbullying, pp 106\u2013112. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.trac-1.17. Accessed 27 July 2021"},{"key":"13668_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S00530-020-00672-7","volume":"2020","author":"A Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sachdeva N (2020) Multi-input integrative learning using deep neural networks and transfer learning for cyberbullying detection in real-time code-mix data. Multimed Syst 2020:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00530-020-00672-7","journal-title":"Multimed Syst"},{"issue":"14","key":"13668_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05817-y","volume":"25","author":"K Kumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumari K, Singh JP, Dwivedi YK, Rana NP (2021) Bilingual cyber-aggression detection on social media using lstm autoencoder. Soft Comput 25(14):8999\u20139012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00500-021-05817-Y","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"13668_CR23","unstructured":"Khanuja S, Bansal D, Mehtani S, Khosla S, Dey A, Gopalan B, Margam DK, Aggarwal P, Nagipogu RT, Dave S, Gupta S, Chandra S, Gali B, Subramanian V, Talukdar P (2021) MuRIL: Multilingual representations for indian languages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2103.10730"},{"key":"13668_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.01.006","volume":"387","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li W, Qi F, Tang M, Yu Z (2020) Bidirectional lstm with self-attention mechanism and multi-channel features for sentiment classification. Neurocomputing 387:63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUCOM.2020.010.006https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUCOM.2020.010.006","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"13668_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.01.078","volume":"337","author":"G Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu G, Guo J (2019) Bidirectional lstm with attention mechanism and convolutional layer for text classification. Neurocomputing 337:325\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUCOM.2019.01.078","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"13668_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942160","volume":"27","author":"Q Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma Q, Yu L, Tian S, Chen E, Ng WWY (2019) Global-local mutual attention model for text classification. IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 27:2127\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942160https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2942160","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process"},{"key":"13668_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mandal S, Nanmaran K (2019) Normalization of transliterated words in code-mixed data using seq2seq model & levenshtein distance, pp 49\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w18-6107","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w18-6107"},{"key":"13668_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathur P, Shah R, Sawhney R, Mahata D (2018) Detecting offensive tweets in Hindi-English code-switched language. In: Proceedings of the Sixth international workshop on natural language processing for social media, pp 18\u201326. Association for computational linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W18-3504. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/W18-3504","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-3504"},{"key":"13668_CR29","first-page":"3111","volume":"26","author":"T Mikolov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mikolov T, Sutskever I, Chen K, Corrado GS, Dean J (2013) Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 26:3111\u20133119","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"13668_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113725","volume":"161","author":"S Modha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Modha S, Majumder P, Mandl T, Mandalia C (2020) Detecting and visualizing hate speech in social media: A cyber watchdog for surveillance. Exp Syst Appl 161:113725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113725","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"key":"13668_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620867","volume-title":"Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching","author":"One Speaker","year":"1995","unstructured":"One Speaker (1995) Two Languages: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Code-Switching. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511620867"},{"key":"13668_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul S, Saha S, Singh JP (2022) Covid-19 and cyberbullying: deep ensemble model to identify cyberbullying from code-switched languages during the pandemic. Multimedia Tools and Applications, pp 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-021-11601-9\/TABLES\/8","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-021-11601-9\/TABLES\/8"},{"key":"13668_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pires T, Schlinger E, Garrette D (2019) How multilingual is multilingual BERT?. In: Proceedings of the 57th Annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 4996\u20135001. Association for computational linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P19-1493. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/P19-1493","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1493"},{"key":"13668_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Samghabadi NS, Mave D, Kar S, Solorio T (2018) Ritual-uh at TRAC 2018 shared task: Aggression identification. In: Shared Task 2018, vol abs\/1807.11712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1807.11712","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1807.11712"},{"key":"13668_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santosh TYSS, Aravind KVS (2019) Hate speech detection in hindi-english code-mixed social media text. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp 310\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3297001.3297048https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3297001.3297048","DOI":"10.1145\/3297001.3297048 10.1145\/3297001.3297048"},{"key":"13668_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102760","volume":"59","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma A, Kabra A, Jain M (2022) Ceasing hate with moh: Hate speech detection in hindi\u2013english code-switched language. Inform Process Manag 59:102760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102760","journal-title":"Inform Process Manag"},{"key":"13668_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma S, Srinivas PYKL, Balabantaray RC (2015) Text normalization of code mix and sentiment analysis. 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, ICACCI 2015, pp 1468\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275819","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2015.7275819"},{"key":"13668_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh V, Varshney A, Akhtar SS, Vijay D, Shrivastava M (2018) Aggression detection on social media text using deep neural networks. EMNLP 2018, p 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/w18-5106","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/w18-5106"},{"key":"13668_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tompson J, Goroshin R, Jain A, LeCun Y, Bregler C (2015) Efficient object localization using convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 648\u2013656","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298664"},{"key":"13668_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem Z (2016) Are you a racist or am i seeing things? annotator influence on hate speech detection on twitter. In: Proceedings of 2016 EMNLP Workshop on natural language processing and computational social science, pp 138\u2013142","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-5618"},{"issue":"7","key":"13668_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32, 2909","DOI":"10.1007\/S00521-020-04725-W","volume":"32","author":"S Yilmaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yilmaz S, Toklu S (2020) A deep learning analysis on question classification task using word2vec representations. eural Comput Appl 32(7):32, 2909\u20132928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00521-020-04725-W","journal-title":"eural Comput Appl"},{"key":"13668_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao R, Zhou A, Mao K (2016) Automatic detection of cyberbullying on social networks based on bullying features. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 04-07-January, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2833312.2849567","DOI":"10.1145\/2833312.2849567"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T09:41:59Z","timestamp":1677836519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["13668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-13668-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing Interests"}}]}}