{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T04:36:23Z","timestamp":1764131783100,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T08:04:35Z","timestamp":1684310675000},"page":"6137-6160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Design and development of virtual reality exposure therapy systems: requirements, challenges and solutions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Hijab","family":"e Zainab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Narmeen Zakaria","family":"Bawany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wajiha","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaweria","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"15756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alalwan N, Cheng L, Al-Samarraie H, Yousef R, Ibrahim Alzahrani A, Sarsam S (2020) Challenges and prospects of virtual reality and augmented reality utilization among primary school teachers: a developing country perspective. Stud Educ Eval 66:100876. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stueduc.2020.100876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2020.100876"},{"issue":"no 1","key":"15756_CR2","first-page":"15","volume":"vol 6","author":"A Assila","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assila A, Mar\u00e7al de Oliveira K, Ezzedine H (2016) Standardized usability questionnaires: features and quality focus. Electron J Comput Sci Inform Technol (eJCSIT) vol 6(no 1):15\u201331","journal-title":"Electron J Comput Sci Inform Technol (eJCSIT)"},{"key":"15756_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates T, Naumann U, Englert C (2016) Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Protocol for podocyte isolation in adult zebrafish. The Wilms\u2019 Tumor (WT1) Gene, pp 133\u2013136. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-4023-3_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-4023-3_12"},{"key":"15756_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boeldt D, McMahon E, McFaul M, Greenleaf W (2019) Using virtual reality exposure therapy to enhance treatment of anxiety disorders: identifying areas of clinical adoption and potential obstacles. Front Psychiatry 10. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00773","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00773"},{"key":"15756_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bandelow B, Michaelis S (2015) Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Anxiety 17(3):327\u2013335. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/dcns.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","DOI":"10.31887\/dcns.2015.17.3\/bbandelow"},{"key":"15756_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Botella C, Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez J, Guill\u00e9n V, Garc\u00eda-Palacios A, Ba\u00f1os R (2017) Recent progress in virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias: a systematic review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-017-0788-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0788-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"15756_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/19349637.2014.925364","volume":"16","author":"P Charoensukmongkol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charoensukmongkol P (2014) Benefits of mindfulness meditation on emotional intelligence, general self-efficacy, and perceived stress: evidence from Thailand. J Spiritual Mental Health 16(3):171\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19349637.2014.925364","journal-title":"J Spiritual Mental Health"},{"key":"15756_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng L, Liu F, Yao D (2017) Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Data Min Knowl Discov 7(5):e1211. Available: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/widm.1211","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1211"},{"key":"15756_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christopoulou E, Xinogalos S (2017) Overview and comparative analysis of game engines for Desktop and Mobile Devices. Int J Serious Games 4(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17083\/ijsg.v4i4.194","DOI":"10.17083\/ijsg.v4i4.194"},{"key":"15756_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cruz-Neira C, Fern\u00e1ndez M, Portal\u00e9s C (2018) Virtual reality and games. Multimodal Technol Interact 2(1):8. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti2010008","DOI":"10.3390\/mti2010008"},{"key":"15756_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.086","volume":"257","author":"W Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng W et al (2019) The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 257:698\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.086","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"15756_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.02.004","volume":"41","author":"C Geraets","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geraets C, van der Stouwe E, Pot-Kolder R, Veling W (2021) Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: a new reality? Curr Opin Psychol 41:40\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.02.004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"15756_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glegg S, Levac D (2018) Barriers, facilitators and interventions to support virtual reality implementation in rehabilitation: a scoping review. PM&R 10(11):1237\u20131251.e1. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.07.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.07.004"},{"issue":"8","key":"15756_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00028-v","volume":"33","author":"K Hellstr\u00f6m","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hellstr\u00f6m K, \u00d6st L (1995) One-session therapist directed exposure vs two forms of manual directed self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behav Res Ther 33(8):959\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00028-v","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"15756_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia J, Chen W (2017)\u00a0The Ethical Dilemmas of Virtual Reality Application in Entertainment. 22017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC). Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/cse-euc.2017.134","DOI":"10.1109\/cse-euc.2017.134"},{"issue":"4","key":"15756_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041342","volume":"22","author":"D Kami\u0144ska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kami\u0144ska D, Zwoli\u0144ski G, Laska-Le\u015bniewicz A (2022) Usability testing of virtual reality applications-the pilot study. Sensors 22(4):1342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041342","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"15756_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kiryu T, So R (2007) Sensation of presence and cybersickness in applications of virtual reality for advanced rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-0003-4-34","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-4-34"},{"issue":"11","key":"15756_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2010.61.11.1153","volume":"61","author":"T Kramer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kramer T, Pyne J, Kimbrell T, Savary P, Smith J, Jegley S (2010) Clinician perceptions of virtual reality to assess and treat returning veterans. Psychiatric Serv 61(11):1153\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ps.2010.61.11.1153","journal-title":"Psychiatric Serv"},{"issue":"1","key":"15756_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(99)00031-5","volume":"38","author":"AJ Lang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lang AJ, Craske MG (2000) Manipulations of exposure-based therapy to reduce return of fear: a replication. Behav Res Ther 38(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0005-7967(99)00031-5","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"15756_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1280843","volume":"46","author":"P Lindner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lindner P et al (2017) Creating state of the art, next-generation virtual reality exposure therapies for anxiety disorders using consumer hardware platforms: design considerations and future directions. Cogn Behav Ther 46(5):404\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2017.1280843","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"15756_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madary M, Metzinger T (2016) Recommendations for good scientific practice and the consumers of VR-Technology. Front Robot AI 3. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2016.00003","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00003"},{"key":"15756_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maples-Keller J, Yasinski C, Manjin N, Rothbaum B (2017) Virtual reality-enhanced extinction of phobias and post-traumatic stress. Neurotherapeutics 14(3):554\u2013563. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-017-0534-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0534-y"},{"key":"15756_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.004","volume":"118","author":"A Miloff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miloff A et al (2019) Automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. in-vivo one-session treatment: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Behav Res Ther 118:130\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.004","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"15756_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mitrousia V, Giotakos O (2016) Virtual reality therapy in anxiety disorders. Psychiatriki 27(4):276\u2013286. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22365\/jpsych.2016.274.276","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2016.274.276"},{"key":"15756_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monk-Turner E (2003) The benefits of meditation: experimental findings. Social Sci J 40(3):465\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0362-3319(03)00043-0","DOI":"10.1016\/s0362-3319(03)00043-0"},{"key":"15756_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papachristos N, Vrellis I, Mikropoulos T (2017) A comparison between oculus rift and a low-cost Smartphone VR headset: Immersive user experience and learning. 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icalt.2017.145","DOI":"10.1109\/icalt.2017.145"},{"key":"15756_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0363-2","volume":"23","author":"G Papanastasiou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papanastasiou G, Drigas A, Skianis C et al (2019) Virtual and augmented reality effects on K-12, higher and tertiary education students\u2019 twenty-first century skills. Virtual Reality 23:425\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-018-0363-2","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"15756_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/13569080050020263","volume":"5","author":"A Perez-De-Albeniz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perez-De-Albeniz A, Holmes J (2000) Meditation: concepts, effects and uses in therapy. Int J Psychother 5(1):49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13569080050020263","journal-title":"Int J Psychother"},{"key":"15756_CR29","unstructured":"Pettey C (2010) 3 Reasons why VR and AR are slow to take Off. Gartner. Available: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/smarterwithgartner\/3-reasons-why-vr-and-ar-are-slow-to-take-off\/. Accessed 12 May 2023"},{"key":"15756_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raudonis V, Maskeli\u016bnas R, Stankevi\u010dius K, Dama\u0161evi\u010dius R (2017) Gender, age, colour, position and stress: how they influence attention at workplace? Computational Science and Its Applications \u2013 ICCSA 2017, pp. 248\u2013264, Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-62404-4_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62404-4_19"},{"issue":"2","key":"15756_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","volume":"20","author":"L Rebenitsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rebenitsch L, Owen C (2016) Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Real 20(2):101\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"15756_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160alkevicius J, Dama\u0161evi\u010dius R, Maskeliunas R, Laukien\u0117 I (2019) Anxiety level recognition for virtual reality therapy system using physiological signals. Electronics 8(9):1039. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics8091039","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8091039"},{"key":"15756_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160alkevi\u010dius J, Mi\u0161kinyt\u0117 A, Navickas L (2019) Cloud based virtual reality exposure therapy service for public speaking anxiety. Information 10(2):62. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info10020062","DOI":"10.3390\/info10020062"},{"key":"15756_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v15i20.15433","volume":"15","author":"N Shakirova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shakirova N, Said N, Konyushenko S (2020) The use of virtual reality in geo-education. Int J Emerg Technol Learn (iJET) 15:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijet.v15i20.15433","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol Learn (iJET)"},{"key":"15756_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/j017v21n01_02","volume":"21","author":"P Smokowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smokowski P, Hartung K (2003) Computer simulation and virtual reality: enhancing the practice of school social work. J Technol Hum Serv 21:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/j017v21n01_02","journal-title":"J Technol Hum Serv"},{"key":"15756_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tahir M, Noor Enam R, Fizza S (2019) Making self-help virtual reality exposure therapy accessible: hardware and design considerations. 3C Tecnolog\u00eda_Glosas de innovaci\u00f3n aplicadas a la pyme 7(4). Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17993\/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02","DOI":"10.17993\/3ctecno.2019.specialissue.02"},{"issue":"2","key":"15756_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2019.1709597","volume":"45","author":"K Thangavelu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thangavelu K et al (2020) Designing virtual reality assisted psychotherapy for anxiety in older adults living with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: integrating literature for scoping. Clin Gerontologist 45(2):235\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07317115.2019.1709597","journal-title":"Clin Gerontologist"},{"key":"15756_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7243\/2055-2386-3-7","volume":"3","author":"VG Thistle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thistle VG, Basskin AL, Shamus E, Jeffreys-Heil R (2016) Clinical decision making regarding the use of vital signs in physical therapy. Phys Ther Rehabil 3:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7243\/2055-2386-3-7","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rehabil"},{"key":"15756_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thng C, Lim-Ashworth N, Poh B, Lim C (2020) Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: a rapid review. 9:195. F1000 Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.20082.1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20082.1"},{"key":"15756_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tomasino B, Fregona S, Skrap M, Fabbro F (2013) Meditation-related activations are modulated by the practices needed to obtain it and by the expertise: an ALE meta-analysis study. Front Hum Neurosci 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00346","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00346"},{"key":"15756_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trappey A, Trappey C, Chang C, Kuo R, Lin A, Nieh C (2020) Virtual reality exposure therapy for driving phobia disorder: system design and development. Appl Sci 10(14):4860. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10144860","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144860"},{"key":"15756_CR42","unstructured":"Vinson N, Parush A, Roberts S (2012) Cybersickness induced by desktop virtual reality, pp 69\u201375"},{"key":"15756_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weech S, Kenny S, Barnett-Cowan M (2019) Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review. Front Psychol 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics8091039","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158 10.3390\/electronics8091039"},{"key":"15756_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiederhold BK, Miller I, Wiederhold MD (2018) Augmenting behavioral Healthcare: Mobilizing services with virtual reality and augmented reality. In: Rivas H, Wac K (eds) Digital Health. Health Informatics. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-61446-5_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61446-5_9"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T05:07:05Z","timestamp":1704517625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["15756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-15756-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1380-7501"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7721"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}