{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:48:23Z","timestamp":1772012903183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015528","name":"Universidad de la Laguna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015528","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The automatic location of the fovea is very useful for diagnosing retinal diseases. It is a complex problem for which different solutions have been proposed based on classical image processing and Deep Learning techniques. The method presented in this paper is based on histograms that combine spatial and color information in such a way that the spatial coordinates are incorporated into conventional color histograms as an additional dimension. The binarization of these histograms retains a considerable amount of relevant information from the original image, allowing them to be processed as if they were ordinary images. This approach to the problem results in a simple, fast and effective method for locating the fovea. Different experiments have been carried out with three popular sets of images: Messidor, REFUGE1 and DIARETDB1, and a comparison was made with other state-of-the-art techniques. Our results show that the proposed method, despite its simplicity, is capable of surpassing many of these techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T15:02:15Z","timestamp":1689174135000},"page":"17753-17771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fovea localization in retinal images using spatial color histograms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Sigut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Fumero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Alayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinguaro","family":"Diaz-Aleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"16244_CR1","unstructured":"Alamdar F, Keyvanpour M (2011) A new color feature extraction method based on dynamic color distribution entropy of neighborhoods. Int J Comput Sci Issues. 8(5)1:42\u201348. \narXiv:1201.3337"},{"key":"16244_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.09.008","volume":"40","author":"B Al-Bander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Bander B, Al-Nuaimy W, Williams BM, Zheng Y (2018) Multiscale sequential convolutional neural networks for simultaneous detection of fovea and optic disc. Biomed Signal Process Control 40:91\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.09.008","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"16244_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2014.10.007","volume":"55","author":"A Aquino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aquino A (2014) Establishing the macular grading grid by means of fovea centre detection using anatomical-based and visual-based features. Comput Biol Med 55:61\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2014.10.007","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"16244_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05060-w","volume":"1\u201319","author":"EJ Carmona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmona EJ, Molina-Casado JM (2020) Simultaneous segmentation of the optic disc and fovea in retinal images using evolutionary algorithms. Neural Comput Appl 1\u201319:2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05060-w","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"11","key":"16244_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.5666","volume":"12","author":"RJ Chalakkal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalakkal RJ, Abdulla WH, Thulaseedharan SS (2018) Automatic detection and segmentation of optic disc and fovea in retinal images. IET Image Process 12(11):2100\u20132110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.5666","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"key":"16244_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1109\/MMCS.1999.778621","volume":"2","author":"L Cinque","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cinque L, Ciocca G, Levialdi S, Pellican\u00f2 A, Schettini R (2001) Color-Based Image Retrieval Using Spatial-Chromatic Histograms. Image Vis Comput 2:969\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MMCS.1999.778621","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"16244_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dashtbozorg B, Zhang J, Huang F, and ter Haar Romeny BM (2016) Automatic optic disc and fovea detection in retinal images using super-elliptical convergence index filters. In: Campilho A., Karray F. (eds) Image Analysis and Recognition. ICIAR 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9730. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41501-7_78"},{"issue":"3","key":"16244_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5566\/ias.1155","volume":"33","author":"E Decenci\u00e8re","year":"2014","unstructured":"Decenci\u00e8re E et al (2014) Feedback on a publicly distributed database: the Messidor database. Image Anal Stereol 33(3):231\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5566\/ias.1155","journal-title":"Image Anal Stereol"},{"key":"16244_CR9","unstructured":"DIARETDB1 dataset: https:\/\/academictorrents.com\/details\/817b91fd639263f6f644de4ccc9575c20b005c6c.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Escorcia-Gutierrez J, Torrents-Barrena J, Gamarra M, Romero-Aroca P, Valls A, Puig D (2020) Convexity shape constraints for retinal blood vessel segmentation and foveal avascular zone detection. Comput Biol Med. 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104049"},{"key":"16244_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.03.020","volume":"160","author":"R GeethaRamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"GeethaRamani R, Balasubramanian L (2018) Macula segmentation and fovea localization employing image processing and heuristic based clustering for automated retinal screening. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 160:153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2018.03.020","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"16244_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2013.06.002","volume":"37","author":"ME Gegundez-Arias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gegundez-Arias ME, Marin D, Bravo JM, Suero A (2013) Locating the fovea center position in digital fundus images using thresholding and feature extraction techniques. Comput Med Imaging Graph 37(5\u20136):386\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2013.06.002","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"16244_CR13","unstructured":"Github of Medical Image Analysis Group (MIAG): https:\/\/github.com\/miag-ull.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"16244_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2971593","volume":"24","author":"X Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo X, Wang H, Lu X, Hu X, Che S, Lu Y (2020) Robust Fovea Localization Based on Symmetry Measure. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 24(8):2315\u20132326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2971593","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"16244_CR15","unstructured":"Gupta D (2020) Implementation of various Deep Image Segmentation models in keras. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/divamgupta\/image-segmentation-keras.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR16","unstructured":"Gupta D (2020) Image Segmentation toolkit for Keras. PyPI. https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/keras-segmentation\/.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR17","unstructured":"Gupta D (2020) Image augmentation model. GitHub. https:\/\/bit.ly\/keras-segmentation-image-augmentation-model.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan K, Alam A, Elahi TE, Roy S, Mart\u00ed R (2021) DRNet: Segmentation and localization of optic disc and Fovea from diabetic retinopathy image. Artif Intell Med. 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.102001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.102001"},{"key":"16244_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang J, Kumar SR, Mitra M, Zhu WJ, Zabih R (1997) Image indexing using color correlograms. Proc. of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 762\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.1997.609412","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1997.609412"},{"key":"16244_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhong Z, Yuan J, Tang X (2020) Efficient and robust optic disc detection and fovea localization using region proposal network and cascaded network. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101939"},{"key":"16244_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamble R, Samanta P, Singhal N (2020) Optic Disc, Cup and Fovea Detection from Retinal Images Using U-Net++ with EfficientNet Encoder. In: H. Fu, M.K. Garvin, T. MacGillivray, Y. Xu, Y. Zheng (eds) Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis. OMIA 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12069. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63419-3_10"},{"issue":"2","key":"16244_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2014.08.003","volume":"117","author":"EF Kao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kao EF, Lin PC, Chou MC, Jaw TS, Liu GC (2014) Automated detection of fovea in fundus images based on vessel-free zone and adaptive Gaussian template. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 117(2):92\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2014.08.003","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"16244_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kauppi T, Kalesnykiene V, Kamarainen JK, Lensu L, Sorri I, Raninen A, Voutilainen R, Usitalo H, K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen H and Pietil\u00e4 J (2007) DIARETDB1 diabetic retinopathy database and evaluation protocol. Proc. of the 11th Conf. on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5244\/C.21.15","DOI":"10.5244\/C.21.15"},{"key":"16244_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahony NO, Campbell S, Carvalho A, Harapanahalli S, Velasco-Hern\u00e1ndez GA, Krpalkova L, Riordan D, Walsh J (2019) Deep learning vs. traditional computer vision. Advances in Computer Vision Proceedings of the 2019 Computer Vision Conference (CVC). Springer Nature Switzerland AG, pp. 128\u2013144. arXiv:1910.13796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-17795-9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-17795-9"},{"key":"16244_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.04.007","volume":"74","author":"JP Medhi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Medhi JP, Dandapat S (2016) An effective fovea detection and automatic assessment of diabetic maculopathy in color fundus images. Comput Biol Med 74:30\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.04.007","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"16244_CR26","unstructured":"Messidor dataset: https:\/\/www.adcis.net\/en\/third-party\/messidor\/.\u00a0Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meyer MI, Galdran A, Mendon\u00e7a AM, Campilho A (2018) A pixel-wise distance regression approach for joint retinal optical disc and fovea detection. Proc. Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2018 - 21st International Conference. 39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-00934-2_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00934-2_5"},{"key":"16244_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101570","volume":"59","author":"JI Orlando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orlando JI et al (2020) REFUGE Challenge: \u0301A unified framework for evaluating automated methods for glaucoma assessment from fundus photographs. Med Image Anal 59:101570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2019.101570","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"16244_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pass G, Zabih R, Miller J (1996) Comparing images using color coherence vectors. Proc. of the fourth ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/244130.244148","DOI":"10.1145\/244130.244148"},{"issue":"1","key":"16244_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2011.09.001","volume":"116","author":"RJ Qureshi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qureshi RJ, Kovacs L, Harangi B, Nagy B, Peto T, Hajdu A (2012) Combining algorithms for automatic detection of optic disc and macula in fundus images. Comput Vision Image Understanding 116(1):138\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cviu.2011.09.001","journal-title":"Comput Vision Image Understanding"},{"key":"16244_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rao A, Srihari RK and Zhang Z (1999) Spatial color histograms for content-based image retrieval. Proc. of 11th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence. 183\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAI.1999.809784","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.1999.809784"},{"key":"16244_CR32","unstructured":"REFUGE1 dataset: https:\/\/refuge.grand-challenge.org\/. Accessed 08\/07\/2023"},{"key":"16244_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T (2015) U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. International Conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention. 234\u2013241, 2015. arXiv:1505.04597","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"16244_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sedai S, Tennakoon R, Roy P, Cao K, Garnavi R (2017) Multistage segmentation of the fovea in retinal fundus images using fully convolutional neural networks. Proc. IEEE 14th Int. Symp. Biomed. Imag. (ISBI). 1083\u20131086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISBI.2017.7950704.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2017.7950704"},{"key":"16244_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3763","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3763","volume":"5","author":"J Sigut","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sigut J, Nunez O, Fumero F, Gonzalez M, Arnay R (2017) Contrast based circular approximation for accurate and robust optic disc segmentation in retinal images. Peer J 5:e3763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3763","journal-title":"Peer J"},{"key":"16244_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.8.902","volume":"83","author":"C Sinthanayothin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sinthanayothin C, Boyce JF, Cook HL, Willamson T (1999) Automated localisation of the optic disc, fovea, and retinal blood vessels from digital colour fundus images. Br J Ophthalmol 83:902\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.83.8.902","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"16244_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.12.014","volume":"27","author":"J Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun J, Zhang X, Cui J, Zhou L (2006) Image Retrieval Based on Color Distribution Entropy. Pattern Recogn Lett 27(10):1122\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.12.014","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"16244_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58784","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873415","volume":"6","author":"AM Syed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Syed AM, Akram MU, Akram T, Muzammal M, Khalid S, Khan MA (2018) Fundus images-based detection and grading of macular edema using robust macula localization. IEEE Access 6:58784\u201358793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2873415","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"16244_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.07.006","volume":"104","author":"D Welfer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Welfer D, Scharcanski J, Marinho DR (2011) Fovea center detection based on the retina anatomy and mathematical morphology. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 104(3):397\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.07.006","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"16244_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3023254","volume":"40","author":"R Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie R, Liu J, Cao R, Qiu CS, Duan J, Garibaldi J, Qiu G (2021) End-to-End Fovea Localisation in Colour Fundus Images With a Hierarchical Deep Regression Network. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 40(1):116\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2020.3023254","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"16244_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao H, Shi J, Qi X, Wang X, Jia J (2016) Pyramid scene parsing network. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. \narXiv:1612.01105","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.660"},{"issue":"4","key":"16244_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2019.2665","volume":"9","author":"S Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng S, Zhu Y, Pan L, Zhou T (2019) New Simplified Fovea and Optic Disc Localization Method for Retinal Images. J Med Imaging Health Inform 9(4):847\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jmihi.2019.2665","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Health Inform"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:27:28Z","timestamp":1706689648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["16244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-16244-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}