{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:44:00Z","timestamp":1781196240817,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Images are a crucial component in contemporary data transmission. Numerous images are transmitted daily through the open-source network. This paper presents a multi-image encryption scheme that utilises flip-shift-rotate synchronous-permutation-diffusion (FSR-SPD) processes to ensure the security of multiple images in a single encryption operation. The proposed encryption technique distinguishes itself from current multi-image encryption methods by utilising SPD operation and rapid FSR-based pixel-shuffling and diffusion operation. The SPD is a cryptographic technique that involves the simultaneous application of permutation and diffusion methods. The FSR-based process involves the manipulation of pixels through three different operations, namely flipping, shifting, and rotating. In the process of encryption, the image components of red, green, and blue colours are merged into a single composite image. The large image is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks of uniform size. The SPD technique is employed to tackle each specific block. The encryption method is efficient and expeditious as it exhibits high performance with both FSR and SPD procedures. The method employs a single, fixed-type, one-dimensional, piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) for both the permutation and diffusion phases, resulting in high efficiency in both software and hardware. The proposed method is assessed using key space, histogram variance, neighbouring pixel correlation, information entropy, and computational complexity. The proposed method has a much bigger key space than the comparative method. Compared to comparison approaches, the suggested solution reduces encrypted picture histogram variance by 6.22% and neighbouring pixel correlations by 77.78%. Compared to the comparison technique, the proposed scheme has a slightly higher information entropy of 0.0025%. Other multiple-color image encryption methods are more computationally intensive than the suggested method. Computer simulations, security analysis, and comparison analysis evaluated the proposed methodology. The results show it outperforms multiple images encrypting methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T04:35:35Z","timestamp":1702614935000},"page":"57011-57057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["FSR-SPD: an efficient chaotic multi-image encryption system based on flip-shift-rotate synchronous-permutation-diffusion operation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ankita","family":"Raghuvanshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muskan","family":"Budhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-7874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Abhimanyu Kumar","family":"Patro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibhudendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"17700_CR1","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"S Sarkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarkar S, Saha K, Namasudra S, Roy P (2015) An efficient and time saving web service based android application. SSRG Int J Comput Sci Eng 2:18\u201321","journal-title":"SSRG Int J Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12003","volume":"6","author":"A Wani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wani A, Khaliq R (2021) SDN-based intrusion detection system for IoT using deep learning classifier (IDSIoT-SDL). CAAI Trans Intell Technol 6:281\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.12003","journal-title":"CAAI Trans Intell Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.47852\/bonviewJCCE149145205514","volume":"1","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z (2022) Research on internet security situation awareness prediction technology based on improved RBF neural network algorithm. J Comput Cogn Eng 1:103\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47852\/bonviewJCCE149145205514","journal-title":"J Comput Cogn Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12053","volume":"7","author":"FS Hassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassan FS, Gutub A (2022) Improving data hiding within colour images using hue component of HSV colour space. CAAI Trans Intell Technol 7:56\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.12053","journal-title":"CAAI Trans Intell Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12093","volume":"8","author":"A Gutub","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gutub A (2023) Boosting image watermarking authenticity spreading secrecy from counting-based secret-sharing. CAAI Trans Intell Technol 8:440\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.12093","journal-title":"CAAI Trans Intell Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10413-7","volume":"80","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhi X, Chai X, Lu Y (2021) Chaos-based image encryption strategy based on random number embedding and DNA-level self-adaptive permutation and diffusion. Multimed Tools Appl 80:16087\u201316122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-020-10413-7","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.383.0243","volume":"38","author":"D Coppersmith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Coppersmith D (1994) The Data encryption standard (DES) and its strength against attacks. IBM J Res Dev 38:243\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1147\/rd.383.0243","journal-title":"IBM J Res Dev"},{"key":"17700_CR8","first-page":"0311","volume":"197","author":"NF Pub","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pub NF (2001) 197: Advanced encryption standard (AES). Fed Inf Process Standards Publ 197:0311","journal-title":"Fed Inf Process Standards Publ"},{"key":"17700_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2020.102470","volume":"52","author":"KA Patro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patro KA, Soni A, Netam PK, Acharya B (2020) Multiple grayscale image encryption using cross-coupled chaotic maps. J Inf Secur Appl 52:102470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2020.102470","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.103056","volume":"63","author":"E Yavuz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yavuz E (2021) A new parallel processing architecture for accelerating image encryption based on chaos. J Inf Secur Appl 63:103056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.103056","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Verma R, Kumari A, Anand A, Yadavalli VS (2022) Revisiting shift cipher technique for amplified data security. J Comput Cogn Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47852\/bonviewJCCE2202261","DOI":"10.47852\/bonviewJCCE2202261"},{"key":"17700_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.02.021","volume":"78","author":"NA Miss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miss NA, Shaikh R (2016) A keyless approach for RDH in encrypted images using visual cryptography. Procedia Comput Sci 78:125\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2016.02.021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"17700_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103251","volume":"79","author":"K Inoue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inoue K, Cho M (2021) Amplitude based keyless optical encryption system using deep neural network. J Vis Commun Image Represent 79:103251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103251","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"17700_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Namasudra S, Gonz\u00e1lez-Crespo R, Kumar S (2022) Introduction to the special section on advances of machine learning in cybersecurity (VSI-mlsec). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.108048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.108048"},{"key":"17700_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang S, Chen PY, Lin X, Chin P (2020) Block switching: a stochastic approach for deep learning security. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.07920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2002.07920","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2002.07920"},{"key":"17700_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar P, Rahman M, Namasudra S, Moparthi NR (2023) Enhancing security of medical images using deep learning, chaotic map, and hash table.\u00a0Mob Netw App l1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11036-023-02158-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-023-02158-y"},{"key":"17700_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.102844","volume":"61","author":"H Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li H, Li T, Feng W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Gan L, Li C (2021) A novel image encryption scheme based on non-adjacent parallelable permutation and dynamic DNA-level two-way diffusion. J Inf Secur Appl 61:102844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.102844","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.102854","volume":"60","author":"L Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu L, Jiang D, Wang X, Rong X, Zhang R (2021) 2D Logistic-Adjusted-Chebyshev map for visual color image encryption. J Inf Secur Appl 60:102854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2021.102854","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patro KAK, Prasanth Jagapathi Babu M, Pavan Kumar K, Acharya B (2020) Dual-Layer DNA-Encoding\u2013Decoding Operation Based Image Encryption Using One-Dimensional Chaotic Map. In: Kolhe M, Tiwari S, Trivedi M, Mishra K (eds) Advances in Data and Information Sciences. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer, Singapore, pp 67\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-0694-9_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0694-9_8"},{"key":"17700_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01385-0","volume":"11","author":"PS Sneha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sneha PS, Sankar S, Kumar AS (2020) A chaotic colour image encryption scheme combining Walsh-Hadamard transform and Arnold-Tent maps. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 11:1289\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-019-01385-0","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"key":"17700_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25664","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970806","volume":"8","author":"Q Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Q, Zhu C, Deng X (2020) An efficient image encryption scheme based on the LSS chaotic map and single S-box. IEEE Access 8:25664\u201325678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970806","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"17700_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08234-4","volume":"79","author":"RI Abdelfatah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelfatah RI (2020) A new fast double-chaotic based Image encryption scheme. Multimed Tools Appl 79:1241\u20131259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-019-08234-4","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.03.019","volume":"84","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu W, Sun K, Zhu C (2016) A fast image encryption algorithm based on chaotic map. Opt Lasers Eng 84:26\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.03.019","journal-title":"Opt Lasers Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2016.1272725","volume":"26","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Guo K (2017) A novel image encryption algorithm based on chaotic shuffling method. Inf Secur J 26:7\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19393555.2016.1272725","journal-title":"Inf Secur J"},{"key":"17700_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04676-w","volume":"26","author":"KA Patro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patro KA, Acharya B, Nath V (2020) Various dimensional colour image encryption based on non-overlapping block-level diffusion operation. Microsyst Technol 26:1437\u20131448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00542-019-04676-w","journal-title":"Microsyst Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2006.05.011","volume":"35","author":"S Behnia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Behnia S, Akhshani A, Mahmodi H, Akhavan AJ (2008) A novel algorithm for image encryption based on mixture of chaotic maps. Chaos Solit Fractals 35:408\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chaos.2006.05.011","journal-title":"Chaos Solit Fractals"},{"key":"17700_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-012-0071-z","volume":"13","author":"AA Abd El-Latif","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abd El-Latif AA, Li L, Zhang T, Wang N, Song X, Niu X (2012) Digital image encryption scheme based on multiple chaotic systems. Sens Imaging 13:67\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11220-012-0071-z","journal-title":"Sens Imaging"},{"key":"17700_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amr.981.327","volume":"981","author":"TJ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang TJ, El-Latif AAA, Amin M, Zaghloul A (2014) Diffusion-substitution mechanism for color image encryption based on multiple chaotic systems. Adv Mater Res, Trans Tech Pub Ltd 981:327\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amr.981.327","journal-title":"Adv Mater Res, Trans Tech Pub Ltd"},{"key":"17700_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.08.008","volume":"37","author":"X Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu X, Kan H, Kurths J (2015) A new color image encryption scheme based on DNA sequences and multiple improved 1D chaotic maps. Appl Soft Comput 37:24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.08.008","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"17700_CR30","first-page":"9001","volume":"28","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen X, Hu CJ (2017) Medical image encryption based on multiple chaotic mapping and wavelet transform. Biomed Res 28:9001\u20139004","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"17700_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.12.005","volume":"92","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang X (2017) Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on mixed image element and permutation. Opt Lasers Eng 92:6\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2016.12.005","journal-title":"Opt Lasers Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2009.11.016","volume":"42","author":"N Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh N, Sinha A (2010) Chaos based multiple image encryption using multiple canonical transforms. Opt Laser Technol 42:724\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlastec.2009.11.016","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.002619","volume":"52","author":"D Kong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kong D, Shen X, Xu Q, Xin W, Guo H (2013) Multiple-image encryption scheme based on cascaded fractional Fourier transform. Appl Opt 52:2619\u20132625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.52.002619","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"key":"17700_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2013.08.013","volume":"57","author":"D Kong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kong D, Shen X (2014) Multiple-image encryption based on optical wavelet transform and multichannel fractional Fourier transform. Opt Laser Technol 57:343\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlastec.2013.08.013","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.06.029","volume":"171","author":"CL Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li CL, Li HM, Li FD, Wei DQ, Yang XB, Zhang J (2018) Multiple-image encryption by using robust chaotic map in wavelet transform domain. Optik 171:277\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.06.029","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"17700_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2015.12.004","volume":"80","author":"Z Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang Z, Song J, Zhang X, Sun R (2016) Multiple-image encryption with bit-plane decomposition and chaotic maps. Opt Lasers Eng 80:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2015.12.004","journal-title":"Opt Lasers Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2016.12.025","volume":"62","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang X (2017) Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on mixed image element and chaos. Comput Electr Eng 62:401\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2016.12.025","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"17700_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6496-1","volume":"78","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang X (2019) Multiple-image encryption algorithm based on DNA encoding and chaotic system. Multimed Tools Appl 78:7841\u20137869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-018-6496-1","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.03.006","volume":"40","author":"KA Patro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patro KA, Acharya B (2018) Secure multi\u2013level permutation operation based multiple colour image encryption. J Inf Secur Appl 40:111\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.03.006","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127405014052","volume":"15","author":"S Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li S, Chen G, Mou X (2005) On the dynamical degradation of digital piecewise linear chaotic maps. Int J Bifur Chaos 15:3119\u20133151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0218127405014052","journal-title":"Int J Bifur Chaos"},{"key":"17700_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250208","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979212502086","volume":"26","author":"XY Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang XY, Yang L (2012) Design of pseudo-random bit generator based on chaotic maps. Int J Mod Phy B 26:1250208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0217979212502086","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phy B"},{"key":"17700_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263902","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3263902","volume":"2019","author":"M Al-Zubaidie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Zubaidie M, Zhang Z, Zhang J (2019) RAMHU: A new robust lightweight scheme for mutual users authentication in healthcare applications. Secur Commun Netw 2019:3263902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3263902","journal-title":"Secur Commun Netw"},{"key":"17700_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3167842","volume":"19","author":"S Das","year":"2022","unstructured":"Das S, Namasudra S (2022) Multiauthority CP-ABE-based access control model for IoT-enabled healthcare infrastructure. IEEE Trans Industr Inform 19:821\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3167842","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inform"},{"key":"17700_CR44","unstructured":"(1977) USC-SIPI image database for research in image processing, image analysis, and machine vision. http:\/\/sipi.usc.edu\/database\/. Accessed July 2016"},{"key":"17700_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2022.127738","volume":"442","author":"Q Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai Q, Hu G, Erkan U, Toktas A (2023) High-efficiency medical image encryption method based on 2D Logistic-Gaussian hyperchaotic map. Appl Math Comput 442:127738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amc.2022.127738","journal-title":"Appl Math Comput"},{"key":"17700_CR46","unstructured":"IEEE Computer Society Standards Committee (1985) Working group of the microprocessor standards subcommittee, & American National Standards Institute. In: IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, vol 754. IEEE."},{"key":"17700_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12595-8","volume":"81","author":"MT Elkandoz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elkandoz MT, Alexan W (2022) Image encryption based on a combination of multiple chaotic maps. Multimed Tools Appl 81:25497\u201325518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-022-12595-8","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2020.106355","volume":"132","author":"T Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang T, Wang MH (2020) Hyperchaotic image encryption algorithm based on bit-level permutation and DNA encoding. Opt Laser Technol 132:106355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optlastec.2020.106355","journal-title":"Opt Laser Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.09.099","volume":"153","author":"X Liao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao X, Hahsmi MA, Haider R (2018) An efficient mixed inter-intra pixels substitution at 2bits-level for image encryption technique using DNA and chaos. Optik (Stuttg) 153:117\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.09.099","journal-title":"Optik (Stuttg)"},{"key":"17700_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2019.1595751","volume":"37","author":"KA Patro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patro KA, Acharya B, Nath V (2020) Secure, lossless, and noise-resistive image encryption using chaos, hyper-chaos, and DNA sequence operation. IETE Tech Rev 37:223\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02564602.2019.1595751","journal-title":"IETE Tech Rev"},{"key":"17700_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-012-1292-9","volume":"71","author":"B Norouzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Norouzi B, Mirzakuchaki S, Seyedzadeh SM, Mosavi MR (2014) A simple, sensitive and secure image encryption algorithm based on hyper-chaotic system with only one round diffusion process. Multimed Tools Appl 71:1469\u20131497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1292-9","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-019-04395-2","volume":"25","author":"KA Patro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patro KA, Acharya B, Nath V (2019) Secure multilevel permutation-diffusion based image encryption using chaotic and hyper-chaotic maps. Microsyst Technol 25:4593\u20134607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00542-019-04395-2","journal-title":"Microsyst Technol"},{"key":"17700_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25650","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970981","volume":"8","author":"M Samiullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samiullah M, Aslam W, Nazir H, Lali MI, Shahzad B, Mufti MR, Afzal H (2020) An image encryption scheme based on DNA computing and multiple chaotic systems. IEEE Access 8:25650\u201325663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970981","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"17700_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.01.016","volume":"12","author":"H Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang X (2012) Image encryption using DNA complementary rule and chaotic maps. Appl Soft Comput 12:1457\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.01.016","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"17700_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6612-2","volume":"78","author":"YP Nkandeu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nkandeu YP, Tiedeu A (2019) An image encryption algorithm based on substitution technique and chaos mixing. Multimed Tools Appl 78:10013\u201310034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-018-6612-2","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassham III LE, Rukhin AL, Soto J, Nechvatal JR, Smid ME, Barker EB, Leigh SD, Levenson M, Vangel M, Banks DL, Heckert NA (2010)\u00a0Sp 800\u201322 rev. 1a. a statistical test suite for random and pseudorandom number generators for cryptographic applications. National Institute of Standards & Technology","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-22r1a"},{"key":"17700_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118845","volume":"213","author":"Q Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai Q, Hu G, Erkan U, Toktas A (2023) A novel pixel-split image encryption scheme based on 2D Salomon map. Expert Syst Appl 213:118845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118845","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"17700_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-022-07949-8","volume":"111","author":"D Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li D, Li J, Di X, Li B (2023) Design of cross-plane colour image encryption based on a new 2D chaotic map and combination of ECIES framework. Nonlinear Dyn 111:2917\u20132942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11071-022-07949-8","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn"},{"key":"17700_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804090","volume-title":"Computational complexity: a modern approach","author":"S Arora","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arora S, Barak B (2009) Computational complexity: a modern approach. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T06:30:55Z","timestamp":1716618655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["17700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17700-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}