{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:01:52Z","timestamp":1786111312914,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visually impaired (VI) people encounter difficulties in their regular activities including learning. Providing them equal opportunity is crucial, especially in virtual learning environment (VLE), as limited applications are available. A variety of technology-assisted and non-technology-assisted tools are available for the VI to assist in their daily activities. However, VI learners do not use virtual learning applications due to rich media involvement, which is unsuitable for them. Haptic or sense of touch is one of the technologies useful in VLE for VI learners. It can be used with audio sense and olfactory as additional senses to enhance the learning experience. This research aims to design a learning framework to develop a virtual learning environment for the VI learner. The study aims to design a framework to develop an application for the VI in a VLE, and validate the framework by conducting usability testing. The questionnaire for adult VI was adopted from the USE questionnaire, which tests the Usability, Satisfaction as well as Ease of Use, and Ease of Learning of the application. Questionnaire for children VI tested the application's effectiveness, operability, efficiency, and satisfaction. A total of 26 VI participated, and 21 of them are VI adults while 5 are VI children. Based on the usability with VI adults, average ratings are above 5 out of 7, and for the usability testing with VI children, average ratings are 3.7 and above out of 5. Hence, the rating obtained from usability tests were above average. The research was solely based on the Malaysian context and used only one haptic device. Thus, different haptic devices can be used to compare their effectiveness. The research can also be enhanced in other countries for learners with disabilities such as deaf, blind, and mute learners in learning calligraphy-based languages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T06:01:55Z","timestamp":1709704915000},"page":"81711-81723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-sensory learning framework for visually impaired learners: Use of 3D, haptic, audio, olfactory media"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5399-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su Mon","family":"Chit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kian Meng","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azlina","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"18249_CR1","unstructured":"WHO (2021) Blindness and vision impairment. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blindness-and-visual-impairment. Accessed 10 Jun 2021"},{"key":"18249_CR2","unstructured":"Sacks SZ, Lueck AH, Corn AL, Erin JN (2011) Supporting the social and emotional needs of students with low vision to promote academic and social success. Position paper of the Division on Visual Impairments, Council for Exceptional Children, Arlington"},{"issue":"2","key":"18249_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.322.8737","volume":"32","author":"R Ishtiaq","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishtiaq R, Chaudhary MH, Rana MA, Jamil AR (2016) Psychosocial implications of blindness and low vision in students of a school for children with blindness. Pak J Med Sci 32(2):431\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.322.8737","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"18249_CR4","unstructured":"The needs of visually impaired (VI) learners in education: key issues and principles. TeachingEnglish. https:\/\/www.teachingenglish.org.uk\/professional-development\/teachers\/inclusive-practices\/articles\/needs-visually-impaired-vi-learners. Accessed 19 Aug 2019"},{"key":"18249_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lobo T (2021) Teaching e-learning for students with visual impairments. In: Russo D, Ahram T, Karwowski W, Di Bucchianico G, Taiar R (eds) Intelligent Human Systems Integration 2021. IHSI 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1322. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-68017-6_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68017-6_34"},{"issue":"14","key":"18249_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2018.914172","volume":"9","author":"NM Salleh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salleh NM, Zainal K (2018) Instructional model for social skills intervention children with visual impairment. Creat Educ 9(14):2325\u20132333","journal-title":"Creat Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"18249_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.33830\/ptjj.v19i1.307.2018","volume":"19","author":"BA Pribadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pribadi BA, Surtiani A, Ichwan I (2018) Implementing constructivism learning theory in online tutorial. Jurnal Pendidikan Terbuka Dan Jarak Jauh 19(1):13\u201318","journal-title":"Jurnal Pendidikan Terbuka Dan Jarak Jauh"},{"key":"18249_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Padirayon LM, Pagudpud MV, Cruz JSD (2019) Exploring constructivism learning theory using mobile game. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 482(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/482\/1\/012004","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/482\/1\/012004"},{"key":"18249_CR9","unstructured":"Yacob AB, Bin Mohd Saman MY, Bin Yusoff MH (2012) Constructivism learning theory for programming through an e-learning. In: 2012 6th International Conference on New Trends in Information Science, Service Science and Data Mining. ISSDM2012, Taipei, Taiwan, pp 639\u2013643"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"18249_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/14606925.2019.1595426","volume":"22","author":"A Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng A, Li R, Chen YV, Ding L (2019) How smell can help visually impaired in health and well-being\u2013a cognitive experiment. Des J 22(sup1):371\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14606925.2019.1595426","journal-title":"Des J"},{"key":"18249_CR11","unstructured":"Learn to use your other senses to help you cope with blindness and vision loss. American Printing House for the Blind. https:\/\/visionaware.org\/learn-to-use-your-other-senses\/. Accessed 25 Dec 2020"},{"key":"18249_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klingenberg OG, Holkesvik AH, Augestad LB, Erdem E (2019) Research evidence for mathematics education for students with visual impairment: A systematic review. Cogent Educ 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2019.1626322","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2019.1626322"},{"key":"18249_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mon CS, Meng Yap K, Ahmad A (2019) A preliminary study on requirements of olfactory, haptic and audio enabled application for visually impaired in edutainment. In: 2019 IEEE 9th Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics. ISCAIE, Malaysia, pp 249\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAIE.2019.8743738","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAIE.2019.8743738"},{"key":"18249_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mon CS, Yap KM, Ahmad A (2019) Evaluation of 3DOHA enhanced virtual edutainment application for visually impaired users: a pilot study. In: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Haptic, Audio and Visual Environments and Games. HAVE, Subang Jaya, Malaysia, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HAVE.2019.8920889","DOI":"10.1109\/HAVE.2019.8920889"},{"key":"18249_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00002-","volume":"164","author":"TD Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith TD, Bhatnagar KP (2019) Anatomy of the olfactory system. Handb Clin Neurol 164:17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00002-","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"18249_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09757-x","volume":"80","author":"E Kani-Zabihi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kani-Zabihi E, Hussain N, Mesfin G, Covaci A, Ghinea G (2021) On the influence of individual differences in cross-modal Mulsemedia QoE. Multimed Tools Appl 80(2):2377\u20132394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09757-x","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"18249_CR17","unstructured":"Lazar J, Feng JH, Hochheiser H (2017) Research methods in human-computer interaction, 2nd edn. Elsevier"},{"key":"18249_CR18","unstructured":"Panos M, Hoysniemi J, Read J, Macfarlane S (2008) Evaluating children\u2019s interactive products: principles and practices for interaction designers. Elsevier"},{"issue":"2","key":"18249_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087402250360","volume":"8","author":"AM Lund","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lund AM (2001) Measuring usability with the USE questionnaire. Usability Interface 8(2):3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1078087402250360","journal-title":"Usability Interface"},{"key":"18249_CR20","unstructured":"Tahir R, Arif F (2014) Framework for evaluating the usability of mobile educational applications for children. The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC), no. December. pp. 156\u2013170"},{"issue":"3","key":"18249_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst079","volume":"39","author":"D Mellor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mellor D, Moore KA (2014) The use of likert scales with children. J Pediatr Psychol 39(3):369\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst079","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"18249_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mon CS, Yap KM, Ahmad A (2021) Design, development, and evaluation of haptic-and olfactory-based application for visually impaired learners. Electron J e-L 19(6):614\u2013628. [Online]. Available: www.ejel.org","DOI":"10.34190\/ejel.19.6.2040"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T12:07:06Z","timestamp":1728475626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["18249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-024-18249-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interests\/Competing interests"}}]}}