{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:33:13Z","timestamp":1781332393141,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004482","name":"Kuwait University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EO 05\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EO 05\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1728989639000},"page":"29575-29604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automatic arabic handwritten characters Recognition using ensemble of convolutional neural networks from scratch"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Alshayeji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u2019ed","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silpa ChandraBhasi","family":"Sindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"20282_CR1","unstructured":"Arabic Speaking Countries List \u2013\u20092020 Upate | IstiZada. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/istizada.com\/complete-list-of-arabic-speaking-countries-2014\/. Accessed 25 Jul 2023"},{"key":"20282_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53859-8.00018-7","volume":"31","author":"U Porwal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porwal U, Shi Z, Setlur S (2013) Machine learning in handwritten arabic text recognition. Handb Stat 31:443\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53859-8.00018-7","journal-title":"Handb Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"20282_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.21608\/EJLE.2023.193993.1043","volume":"10","author":"EMK El-Awadly","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Awadly EMK, Ebada AI, Al-Zoghby AM (2023) Arabic handwritten text recognition systems and challenges and opportunities. Egypt J Lang Eng 10(2):84\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJLE.2023.193993.1043","journal-title":"Egypt J Lang Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"20282_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/S00521-020-05137-6\/METRICS","volume":"33","author":"HM Balaha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaha HM, Ali HA, Badawy M (2021) Automatic recognition of handwritten arabic characters: a comprehensive review. Neural Comput Appl 33(7):3011\u20133034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00521-020-05137-6\/METRICS","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1,2","key":"20282_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3233\/HIS-230005","volume":"19","author":"A Mezghani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mezghani A, Maalej R, Elleuch M, Kherallah M (2023) Recent advances of ML and DL approaches for Arabic handwriting recognition: a review. Int J Hybrid Intell Syst 19(1,2):61\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/HIS-230005","journal-title":"Int J Hybrid Intell Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"20282_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2024.01505125","volume":"15","author":"A Alsayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alsayed A et al (2024) The impact of various factors on the convolutional neural networks model on arabic handwritten character recognition. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 15(5):1237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2024.01505125","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"20282_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S11063-024-11544-W\/FIGURES\/10","volume":"56","author":"ME Khayati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khayati ME, Kich I, Taouil Y (2024) CNN-based methods for offline arabic handwriting recognition: a review. Neural Process Lett 56(2):1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11063-024-11544-W\/FIGURES\/10","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"20282_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.35741\/ISSN.0258-2724.57.6.66","volume":"57","author":"NI Youssef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Youssef NI, Abd-Alsabour N (2022) A review on arabic handwriting, recognition. J Southwest Jiaotong Univ 57(6):745\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35741\/ISSN.0258-2724.57.6.66","journal-title":"J Southwest Jiaotong Univ"},{"issue":"2","key":"20282_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/S13369-022-07144-2\/METRICS","volume":"48","author":"E Aldhahri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldhahri E et al (2023) Arabic sign language recognition using convolutional neural network and mobilenet. Arab J Sci Eng 48(2):2147\u20132154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13369-022-07144-2\/METRICS","journal-title":"Arab J Sci Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"20282_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/S44230-023-00024-4\/TABLES\/10","volume":"3","author":"M Alheraki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alheraki M, Al-Matham R, Al-Khalifa H (2023) Handwritten Arabic character recognition for children writing using convolutional neural network and stroke identification. Human-Centric Intell Syst 3(2):147\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S44230-023-00024-4\/TABLES\/10","journal-title":"Human-Centric Intell Syst"},{"key":"20282_CR11","unstructured":"El-Sawy A, Loey M, EL-Bakry H, El-Sawy A, Loey M, EL-Bakry H. Arabic Handwritten Characters Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network. WSEAS Transactions on Computer Research 5:11\u201319. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.wseas.com\/journals\/articles.php?id=3300. Accessed 24 Jan 2024"},{"key":"20282_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9965426","volume":"2022","author":"N Wagaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wagaa N, Kallel H, Mellouli N (2022) Improved Arabic alphabet characters classification using convolutional neural networks (CNN). Comput Intell Neurosci 2022:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9965426","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"20282_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan BM, Jaber ZJ, Habeeb AA (2024) Digits Recognition for Arabic Handwritten through Convolutional Neural Networks, Local Binary Patterns, and Histogram of Oriented Gradients. Baghdad Sci J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21123\/BSJ.2024.9173","DOI":"10.21123\/BSJ.2024.9173"},{"issue":"3","key":"20282_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411623030069\/METRICS","volume":"57","author":"ME Mamoun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mamoun ME (2023) An effective combination of convolutional neural network and support vector machine classifier for Arabic handwritten recognition. Autom Control Comput Sci 57(3):267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S0146411623030069\/METRICS","journal-title":"Autom Control Comput Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"20282_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.31449\/INF.V46I9.4375","volume":"46","author":"RS Khudeyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khudeyer RS, Al-Moosawi NM (2023) Combination of machine learning algorithms and Resnet50 for arabic handwritten classification. Informatica 46(9):39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31449\/INF.V46I9.4375","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"issue":"15","key":"20282_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.3390\/S23156774","volume":"23","author":"E Blasch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blasch E, Lu Z-M, Zheng Y, Alwagdani MS, Jaha ES (2023) Deep learning-based child handwritten arabic character recognition and handwriting discrimination. Sensors 23(15):6774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/S23156774","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"21-23","key":"20282_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32473","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-021-11185-4\/TABLES\/12","volume":"80","author":"HM Balaha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaha HM et al (2021) Recognizing arabic handwritten characters using deep learning and genetic algorithms. Multimed Tools Appl 80(21\u201323):32473\u201332509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-021-11185-4\/TABLES\/12","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"19","key":"20282_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.3390\/APP121910155","volume":"12","author":"W Albattah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albattah W, Albahli S (2022) Intelligent Arabic handwriting recognition using different standalone and hybrid CNN architectures. Appl Sci 12(19):10155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/APP121910155","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"20282_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouchriha L, Zrigui A, Mansouri S, Berchech S, Omrani S (2022) Arabic handwritten character Recognition based on Convolution neural networks. Commun Comput Inform Sci 1653 CCIS:286\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-16210-7_23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16210-7_23"},{"key":"20282_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.61356\/J.ISWA.2024.3294","volume":"3","author":"MG Mahdi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahdi MG, Sleem A, Elhenawy I, Safwat S (2024) Advancing Arabic handwriting recognition with convolutional and recurrent neural network ensembles. Inf Sci Appl 3:43\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61356\/J.ISWA.2024.3294","journal-title":"Inf Sci Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"20282_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/S00521-021-06423-7","volume":"34","author":"RS Alkhawaldeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkhawaldeh RS, Alawida M, Alshdaifat NFF, Alma\u2019aitah WZ, Almasri A (2021) Ensemble deep transfer learning model for Arabic (Indian) handwritten digit recognition. Neural Comput Appl 34(1):705\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00521-021-06423-7","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elkhayati M, Elkettani Y, UnCNN (2022) A new directed CNN Model for isolated arabic handwritten characters Recognition. Arab J Sci Eng 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13369-022-06652-5\/TABLES\/8","DOI":"10.1007\/S13369-022-06652-5\/TABLES\/8"},{"key":"20282_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alwaqfi YM, Mohamad M, Al-Taani AT (2022) Generative Adversarial Network for an improved arabic handwritten characters Recognition. Int J Adv Soft Compu Appl 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15849\/IJASCA.220328.12","DOI":"10.15849\/IJASCA.220328.12"},{"issue":"1","key":"20282_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.24018\/EJAI.2024.3.1.36","volume":"3","author":"M Rabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabi M, Amrouche M (2024) Enhancing Arabic handwritten recognition system-based CNN-BLSTM using generative adversarial networks. Eur J Artif Intell Mach Learn 3(1):10\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24018\/EJAI.2024.3.1.36","journal-title":"Eur J Artif Intell Mach Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"20282_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18280\/RIA.380101","volume":"38","author":"MA Chadli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chadli MA, Bouiadjra RB, Fekir A, Mart\u00ednezG\u00f3mez J, G\u00e1mez JA (2024) Data augmentation for offline Arabic handwritten text recognition using moving least squares. Revue d\u2019Intelligence Artificielle 38(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/RIA.380101","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019Intelligence Artificielle"},{"issue":"11","key":"20282_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1007\/S00521-020-05397-2","volume":"33","author":"HM Balaha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balaha HM, Ali HA, Saraya M, Badawy M (2020) A new Arabic handwritten character recognition deep learning system (AHCR-DLS). Neural Comput Appl 33(11):6325\u20136367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00521-020-05397-2","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.59543\/IJMSCS.V2I.8049","volume":"2","author":"B Svendsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Svendsen B, Kadry S (2024) A Dataset for recognition of Norwegian Sign Language. Int J Math Stat Comput Sci 2:2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59543\/IJMSCS.V2I.8049","journal-title":"Int J Math Stat Comput Sci"},{"key":"20282_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aljarrah MN, Zyout MM, Duwairi R (2021) Arabic Handwritten Characters Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network. 2021 12th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems, ICICS 2021, pp 182\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICS52457.2021.9464596","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS52457.2021.9464596"},{"issue":"3","key":"20282_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3390\/APP13031692","volume":"13","author":"A Al-Ajlan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Ajlan A et al (2023) Towards accurate children\u2019s arabic handwriting recognition via deep learning. Applied Sciences 13(3):1692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/APP13031692","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"20282_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Taee MM, Ben S, Neji H, Frikha M, Allawi ST (2024) Using faster R-CNN to detect and recognize arabic handwritten words. Int J Intell Eng Syst 17(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22266\/ijies2024.0630.51","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2024.0630.51"},{"issue":"8","key":"20282_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2020.0110819","volume":"11","author":"M Shams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shams M, Elsonbaty AA, ElSawy WZ (2020) Arabic handwritten character recognition based on convolution neural networks and support vector machine. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 11(8):144\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2020.0110819","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"issue":"10","key":"20282_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14557","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-022-13831-X\/METRICS","volume":"82","author":"S Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali S et al (2023) A recognition model for handwritten Persian\/Arabic numbers based on optimized deep convolutional neural network. Multimed Tools Appl 82(10):14557\u201314580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-022-13831-X\/METRICS","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Taani AT, Ahmad ST(2021) Recognition of arabic handwritten characters using residual neural networks. Article Jordanian J Comput Inform Technol 07(02). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/jjcit.71-1615204606","DOI":"10.5455\/jjcit.71-1615204606"},{"key":"20282_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PATREC.2022.04.038","volume":"159","author":"NS Guptha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guptha NS, Balamurugan V, Megharaj G, Sattar KNA, Rose JD (2022) Cross lingual handwritten character recognition using long short term memory network with aid of elephant herding optimization algorithm. Pattern Recognit Lett 159:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PATREC.2022.04.038","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"20282_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-021-11593-6","volume":"81","author":"BH Nayef","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nayef BH, Abdullah SNHS, Sulaiman R, Alyasseri ZAA (2021) Optimized leaky ReLU for handwritten Arabic character recognition using convolution neural networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications 81(2):2065\u20132094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-021-11593-6","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"7","key":"20282_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/S00371-022-02500-7\/METRICS","volume":"39","author":"S Malakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malakar S, Sahoo S, Chakraborty A, Sarkar R, Nasipuri M (2023) Handwritten arabic and roman word recognition using holistic approach. Visual Comput 39(7):2909\u20132932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00371-022-02500-7\/METRICS","journal-title":"Visual Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"20282_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101872","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JKSUCI.2023.101872","volume":"36","author":"L Berriche","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berriche L, Alqahtani A, RekikR S (2024) Hybrid arabic handwritten character segmentation using CNN and graph theory algorithm. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci 36(1):101872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JKSUCI.2023.101872","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci"},{"key":"20282_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Momeni S, BabaAli B (2023) A Transformer-based Approach for Arabic Offline Handwritten Text Recognition. Sig Image Video Process 2024 pp 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11760-023-02970-9\/METRICS","DOI":"10.1007\/S11760-023-02970-9\/METRICS"},{"key":"20282_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118865","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ESWA.2022.118865","volume":"213","author":"Y Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo Y, Sun Y, Bi X (2023) Multiple attentional aggregation network for handwritten Dongba character recognition. Expert Syst Appl 213:118865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ESWA.2022.118865","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122860","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ESWA.2023.122860","volume":"244","author":"SN Rao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rao SN, Babu NK (2024) Enhanced ResNet-151-based fused features for optimized Bi-LSTM-DNN-aided handwritten character and digits recognition. Expert Syst Appl 244:122860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ESWA.2023.122860","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114196","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ESWA.2020.114196","volume":"165","author":"AG Hochuli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hochuli AG, Britto AS, Saji DA, Saavedra JM, Sabourin R, Oliveira LS (2021) A comprehensive comparison of end-to-end approaches for handwritten digit string recognition. Expert Syst Appl 165:114196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ESWA.2020.114196","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR42","unstructured":"Arabic Handwritten Characters Dataset | Kaggle. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/mloey1\/ahcd1. Accessed 01 Aug 2023"},{"key":"20282_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sultana F, Sufian A, Dutta P (2018) Advancements in image classification using convolutional neural network. Proceedings \u2013\u20092018 4th IEEE International Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, ICRCICN 2018, pp 122\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRCICN.2018.8718718","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRCICN.2018.8718718"},{"key":"20282_CR44","unstructured":"\u201cNeural Networks Ensemble. Different ways to Combine your Deep\u2026 | by Marco Cerliani | Towards Data Science.\u201d. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/neural-networks-ensemble-33f33bea7df3. Accessed 21 Feb 2023"},{"key":"20282_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PATCOG.2019.04.009","volume":"93","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Das N, Nasipuri M (2019) Reshaping inputs for convolutional neural network: Some common and uncommon methods. Pattern Recognit 93:79\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PATCOG.2019.04.009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"20282_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.7717\/PEERJ-CS.995","volume":"8","author":"Z Ullah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullah Z, Jamjoom M (2022) An intelligent approach for Arabic handwritten letter recognition using convolutional neural network. PeerJ Comput Sci 8:e995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/PEERJ-CS.995","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"20282_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5455\/JJCIT.71-1498142206","volume":"3","author":"khaled younis and abdullah khateeb","year":"2017","unstructured":"khaled younis and abdullah khateeb (2017) Arabic hand-written character recognition based on deep convolutional neural networks. Jordanian J Computers Inform Technol 3(3):186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/JJCIT.71-1498142206","journal-title":"Jordanian J Computers Inform Technol"},{"key":"20282_CR48","unstructured":"AlKhateeb J, Turani A, Abuhamdah A, Sara MJA, Klaib MFJ (2020) An Effective Deep Learning Approach for Improving Off-Line Arabic Handwritten Character Recognition. Int J Software Eng Comput Syst 6(2):53-61"},{"key":"20282_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almansari OA, Hashim NNWN (2019) Recognition of Isolated Handwritten Arabic Characters. In: 2019 7th International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering, ICOM 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICOM47790.2019.8952035","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOM47790.2019.8952035"},{"key":"20282_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berriche L, Alqahtani A, RekikR S (2024) Hybrid Arabic handwritten character segmentation using CNN andgraph theory algorithm. J King Saud Univ - Comput Inform Sci 36(1):101872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.101872"},{"key":"20282_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aljarrah MN, Zyout MM, Duwairi R (2021) Arabic handwritten characters recognition using convolutional neural network. In: 2021 12th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems. ICICS 2021, pp 182\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICICS52457.2021.9464596","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS52457.2021.9464596"},{"issue":"7","key":"20282_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/S00521-020-05070-8\/TABLES\/3","volume":"33","author":"N Altwaijry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altwaijry N, Al-Turaiki I (2021) Arabic handwriting recognition system using convolutional neural network. Neural Comput Appl 33(7):2249\u20132261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00521-020-05070-8\/TABLES\/3","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87058","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3087647","volume":"9","author":"N Alrobah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alrobah N, Albahli S (2021) A hybrid deep model for recognizing arabic handwritten characters. IEEE Access 9:87058\u201387069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3087647","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"20282_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.25046\/AJ050519","volume":"5","author":"M Elkhayati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elkhayati M, Elkettani Y (2020) Towards directing convolutional neural networks using computational geometry algorithms: application to handwritten arabic character recognition. Adv Sci Technol Eng Syst 5(5):137\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25046\/AJ050519","journal-title":"Adv Sci Technol Eng Syst"},{"issue":"21\u201323","key":"20282_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32473","DOI":"10.1007\/S11042-021-11185-4\/TABLES\/12","volume":"80","author":"HM Balaha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balaha HM et al (2021) Recognizing Arabic handwritten characters using deep learning and genetic algorithms. Multimed Tools Appl 80(21\u201323):32473\u201332509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11042-021-11185-4\/TABLES\/12","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"20282_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amara M, Smairi N, Mnasri S, Zidouri A (2024) Revitalizing arabic character classification: unleashing the power of deep learning with transfer learning and data augmentation techniques. Arab J Sci Eng 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13369-024-08818-9\/METRICS","DOI":"10.1007\/S13369-024-08818-9\/METRICS"},{"key":"20282_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Hamad HA, Shehab M (2024) Integrated multi-layer perceptron neural network and novel feature extraction for handwritten Arabic recognition.\u00a0Int J Data Netw Sci\u00a08(3):1501\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5267\/J.IJDNS.2024.3.015","DOI":"10.5267\/J.IJDNS.2024.3.015"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T11:01:05Z","timestamp":1753354865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"25","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["20282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20282-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest declared by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}