{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:47:18Z","timestamp":1767142038542,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery Project DP200102604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Project DP200102604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enhancing transparency in automated vehicle (AV) behaviour can help pedestrians understand how AVs work, which builds trust and ensures safer interactions. As AVs increasingly operate as part of a coordinated network, it is important to make their connectivity clear, helping pedestrians anticipate AV behaviour on the road. This study uses a qualitative design exploration to investigate visual methods for conveying AV connectivity. In the first phase, design concepts were generated using a biomimicry approach, drawing inspiration from nature, such as the harmonious chirping of crickets. In the second phase, focus groups with 16 participants were conducted to gather new concept ideas and evaluate the biomimicry-inspired designs. Our findings suggest that network symbols (e.g., Wi-Fi signals) or graphical elements resembling these symbols (e.g., ripple waves) are more effective in communicating connectivity than abstract methods, such as light patterns moving in a coordinated manner across vehicles. Highly visible connectivity cues may enhance pedestrians' perceived safety, a promising area for future research. This research contributes to ongoing efforts in designing intuitive visual communication strategies for AVs, moving beyond intent communication to include how AVs function as a network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T06:12:43Z","timestamp":1742364763000},"page":"24431-24452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond intent: enhancing transparency in automated vehicle behaviour by visualising their connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tram Thi Minh","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Callum","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tomitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2017","key":"20758_CR1","first-page":"36","volume":"109","author":"J Andersson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andersson J, Habibovic A, Klingeg\u00e5rd M, Englund C, Malmsten-Lundgren V (2017) Hello human, can you read my mind? ERCIM News 109(2017):36\u201337","journal-title":"ERCIM News"},{"key":"20758_CR2","unstructured":"Audi (2021) e-Sound. https:\/\/www.audi-mediacenter.com\/en\/audi-e-tron-gt-13716. Accessed\u00a015 Mar 2025"},{"key":"20758_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bazilinskyy P, Dodou D, De Winter J (2020) External human-machine interfaces: which of 729 colors is best for signaling \u2018Please (do not) cross\u2019?. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, pp 3721\u20133728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9282998","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC42975.2020.9282998"},{"key":"20758_CR4","unstructured":"Benyus JM (1997) Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature."},{"key":"20758_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berke A, Nawyn J, Lengeling TS, Larson K (2020) Urban mobility swarms: a scalable implementation. In Intelligent Computing: Proceedings of the 2020 Computing Conference, Volume 2. Springer, pp 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-52246-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52246-9_1"},{"key":"20758_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berke A, Sanchez Lengeling T, Nawyn J, Larson K (2019) Bike swarm. In Companion Publication of the 2019 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3311957.3359508","DOI":"10.1145\/3311957.3359508"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2777259","volume":"13","author":"M Boban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boban M, Kousaridas A, Manolakis K, Eichinger J, Xu W (2018) Connected roads of the future: use cases, requirements, and design considerations for vehicle-to-everything communications. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 13(3):110\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MVT.2017.2777259","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"20758_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 3(2):77\u2013101","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"20758_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caine K (2016) Local standards for sample size at CHI. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. pp 981\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2858036.2858498","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858498"},{"key":"20758_CR10","unstructured":"Volvo Cars (2018) The Future of Autonomous Travel. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=apOXDUCYGRw.\u00a0Accessed 15 Mar 2025"},{"key":"20758_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang CM, Toda K, Sakamoto D, Igarashi T (2017) Eyes on a car: an interface design for communication between an autonomous car and a pedestrian. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. pp 65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3122986.3122989","DOI":"10.1145\/3122986.3122989"},{"key":"20758_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charisi V, Habibovic A, Andersson J, Li J, Evers V (2017) Children\u2019s views on identification and intention communication of self-driving vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2017 conference on interaction design and children. pp 399\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3078072.3084300","DOI":"10.1145\/3078072.3084300"},{"key":"20758_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Colley A, H\u00e4kkil\u00e4 J, Pfleging B, Alt F (2017) A design space for external displays on cars. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Adjunct. pp 146\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3131726.3131760","DOI":"10.1145\/3131726.3131760"},{"key":"20758_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Colley M, Rukzio E (2020) A design space for external communication of autonomous vehicles. In 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. 212\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3409120.3410646","DOI":"10.1145\/3409120.3410646"},{"key":"20758_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Colley M, Walch M, Gugenheimer J, Askari A, Rukzio E (2020) Towards inclusive external communication of autonomous vehicles for pedestrians with vision impairments. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376472","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376472"},{"issue":"1","key":"20758_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.06.024","volume":"56","author":"TS Combs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Combs TS, Sandt LS, Clamann MP, McDonald NC (2019) Automated vehicles and pedestrian safety: exploring the promise and limits of pedestrian detection. Am J Prev Med 56(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"20758_CR17","unstructured":"Technology Connections (2021) Why it\u2019s not possible to synchronize turn signals (but also absolutely is). https:\/\/youtu.be\/2z5A-COlDPk"},{"key":"20758_CR18","unstructured":"Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (2015) Mitsubishi electric introduces road-illuminating directional indicators. Technical Report 2970. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. https:\/\/www.mitsubishielectric.com\/news\/2015\/pdf\/1023.pdf"},{"key":"20758_CR19","unstructured":"Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (2017) Mitsubishi electric system uses road-surface projections and car-body displays to indicate vehicle movements clearly. Technical Report 3134. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation. https:\/\/www.mitsubishielectric.com\/news\/2017\/1010-a.html.\u00a0Accessed 15 Mar 2025"},{"key":"20758_CR20","unstructured":"Nissan Motor Corporation (2015) Nissan IDS concept. https:\/\/europe.nissannews.com\/en-GB\/releases\/release-139047?"},{"issue":"2020","key":"20758_CR21","first-page":"100174","volume":"7","author":"D Dey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dey D, Habibovic A, L\u00f6cken A, Wintersberger P, Pfleging B, Riener A, Martens M, Terken J (2020) Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles\u2019 external human-machine interfaces. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 7(2020):100174","journal-title":"Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect"},{"key":"20758_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dey D, Habibovic A, Pfleging B, Martens M, Terken J (2020) Color and animation preferences for a light band eHMI in interactions between automated vehicles and pedestrians. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313831.3376325","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376325"},{"key":"20758_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dey D, Martens M, Wang C, Ros F, Terken J (2018) Interface concepts for intent communication from autonomous vehicles to vulnerable road users. In Adjunct proceedings of the 10th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. pp 82\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3239092.3265946","DOI":"10.1145\/3239092.3265946"},{"key":"20758_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dey D, Van Vastenhoven A, Cuijpers RH, Martens M, Pfleging B (2021) Towards scalable eHMIs: designing for AV-VRU communication beyond one pedestrian. In 13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. 274\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3409118.3475129","DOI":"10.1145\/3409118.3475129"},{"key":"20758_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong H, Tran TT, Verstegen R, Bruns M, Martens M (2024) A review on the development of the in-vehicle human-machine interfaces in driving automation: a design perspective. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Stanford, CA, USA) (AutomotiveUI \u201924). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 160\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3640792.3675718","DOI":"10.1145\/3640792.3675718"},{"key":"20758_CR26","unstructured":"Drive.ai (2016) New self-driving car tells pedestrians when it\u2019s safe to cross the street. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2016\/08\/30\/7287\/new-self-driving-car-tells-pedestrians-when-its-safe-to-cross-the-street\/"},{"issue":"2020","key":"20758_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.12.009","volume":"68","author":"SM Faas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faas SM, Mathis L-A, Baumann M (2020) External HMI for self-driving vehicles: which information shall be displayed? Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 68(2020):171\u2013186","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"2015","key":"20758_CR28","first-page":"167","volume":"77","author":"DJ Fagnant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fagnant DJ, Kockelman K (2015) Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transp Res A: Policy Pract 77(2015):167\u2013181","journal-title":"Transp Res A: Policy Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1162\/desi.2008.24.3.4","volume":"24","author":"D Fallman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fallman D (2008) The interaction design research triangle of design practice, design studies, and design exploration. Des Issues 24(3):4\u201318","journal-title":"Des Issues"},{"key":"20758_CR30","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2018) ISO\/TR 23049:2018 Road Vehicles \u2014 Ergonomic aspects of external visual communication from automated vehicles to other road users. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso:tr:23049"},{"key":"20758_CR31","unstructured":"BMW Group (2022) Magical exterior colour-change: The BMW iX Flow featuring E Ink. https:\/\/www.press.bmwgroup.com\/global\/article\/detail\/T0363158EN\/magical-exterior-colour-change:-the-bmw-ix-flow-featuring-e-ink?language=en"},{"key":"20758_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gunther HJ, Trauer O, Wolf L (2015) The potential of collective perception in vehicular ad-hoc networks. In 2015 14th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST). IEEE, pp 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITST.2015.7377190","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2015.7377190"},{"issue":"7","key":"20758_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1676519","volume":"36","author":"S Guznov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guznov S, Lyons J, Pfahler M, Heironimus A, Woolley M, Friedman J, Neimeier A (2020) Robot transparency and team orientation effects on human\u2013robot teaming. Int J Human-Comput Interact 36(7):650\u2013660","journal-title":"Int J Human-Comput Interact"},{"key":"20758_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Habibovic A, Andersson J, Malmsten Lundgren V, Klingeg\u00e5rd M, Englund C, Larsson S (2019) External vehicle interfaces for communication with other road users? In Road Vehicle Automation 5. Springer, pp 91\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.26437.76001","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.26437.76001"},{"key":"20758_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01336","volume":"2018","author":"A Habibovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habibovic A, Lundgren VM, Andersson J, Klingeg\u00e5rd M, Lagstr\u00f6m T, Sirkka A, Fagerl\u00f6nn J, Edgren C, Fredriksson R, Krupenia S et al (2018) Communicating intent of automated vehicles to pedestrians. Front Psychol 2018:1336","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"20758_CR36","unstructured":"Harding J, Powell G, Yoon R, Fikentscher J, Doyle C, Sade D, Lukuc M, Simons J, Wang J et al (2014) Vehicle-to-vehicle communications: readiness of V2V technology for application. Technical Report. United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"},{"key":"20758_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holl\u00e4nder K (2019) A pedestrian perspective on autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces: Companion. pp 149\u2013150","DOI":"10.1145\/3308557.3308725"},{"key":"20758_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844245","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.844245\/","volume":"4","author":"K Holl\u00e4nder","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holl\u00e4nder K, Hoggenm\u00fcller M, Gruber R, V\u00f6lkel ST, Butz A (2022) Take it to the curb: scalable communication between autonomous cars and vulnerable road users through curbstone displays. Front Comput Sci 4:844245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2022.844245\/","journal-title":"Front Comput Sci"},{"key":"20758_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holl\u00e4nder K, Wintersberger P, Butz A (2019) Overtrust in external cues of automated vehicles: an experimental investigation. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Utrecht, Netherlands) (AutomotiveUI \u201919). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3342197.3344528","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344528"},{"key":"20758_CR40","unstructured":"SAE International (1996) Standards: Flashers (J1690 199608). Ground Vehicle Standard (1996). https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/content\/J1690_199608\/"},{"key":"20758_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00e4stner L, Lambrecht J (2019) Augmented-reality-based visualization of navigation data of mobile robots on the microsoft hololens-possibilities and limitations. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS) and IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics (RAM). IEEE, 344\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CIS-RAM47153.2019.9095836","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS-RAM47153.2019.9095836"},{"key":"20758_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203302743","volume-title":"Focus groups: Supporting effective product development","author":"J Langford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Langford J (2002) Focus groups: Supporting effective product development. CRC Press"},{"key":"20758_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f6cken A, Golling C, Riener A (2019) How should automated vehicles interact with pedestrians? A comparative analysis of interaction concepts in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 262\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3342197.3344544","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344544"},{"issue":"4","key":"20758_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2327587","volume":"1","author":"N Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu N, Cheng N, Zhang N, Shen X, Mark JW (2014) Connected vehicles: Solutions and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J 1(4):289\u2013299","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"20758_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahadevan K, Sanoubari E, Somanath S, Young JE, Sharlin E (2019) AV-Pedestrian interaction design using a pedestrian mixed traffic simulator. In Proceedings of the 2019 on designing interactive systems conference. 475\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3322276.3322328","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322328"},{"key":"20758_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahadevan K, Somanath S, Sharlin E (2018) Communicating awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3174003","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174003"},{"issue":"13","key":"20758_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","volume":"26","author":"K Malterud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD (2016) Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res 26(13):1753\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732315617444","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"20758_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mason M et al (2010) Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. In Forum qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: qualitative social research 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17169\/fqs-11.3.1428","DOI":"10.17169\/fqs-11.3.1428"},{"key":"20758_CR49","unstructured":"Mercedes-Benz (2015) The Mercedes-Benz F 015 luxury in motion. https:\/\/www.mercedes-benz.com.au\/passengercars\/campaigns\/mercedes-benz-f-015.html.\u00a0Accessed 15 Mar 2025"},{"key":"20758_CR50","unstructured":"Mercedes-Benz (2017) Autonomous concept car smart vision EQ fortwo. https:\/\/media.mbusa.com\/releases\/release-80848dccd3f3680a764667ad530987e9-autonomous-concept-car-smart-vision-eq-fortwo.\u00a0Accessed 15 Mar 2025"},{"issue":"2021","key":"20758_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102885","volume":"122","author":"GS Nair","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nair GS, Bhat CR (2021) Sharing the road with autonomous vehicles: Perceived safety and regulatory preferences. Transp Res C: Emerg Technol 122(2021):102885","journal-title":"Transp Res C: Emerg Technol"},{"key":"20758_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Holl\u00e4nder K, Hoggenmueller M, Parker C, Tomitsch M (2019) Designing for projection-based communication between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 284\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3342197.3344543","DOI":"10.1145\/3342197.3344543"},{"issue":"2021","key":"20758_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.03.021","volume":"80","author":"M Oudshoorn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oudshoorn M, de Winter J, Bazilinskyy P, Dodou D (2021) Bio-inspired intent communication for automated vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 80(2021):127\u2013140","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"issue":"2018","key":"20758_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.07.020","volume":"58","author":"AR Palmeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmeiro AR, van der Kint S, Vissers L, Farah H, de Winter JCF, Hagenzieker M (2018) Interaction between pedestrians and automated vehicles: A wizard of oz experiment. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 58(2018):1005\u20131020","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"20758_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peintner JB, Manger C, Riener A (2022) \u201cCan you rely on me?\u201d Evaluating a confidence HMI for cooperative, automated driving. In 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. 340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3543174.3546976","DOI":"10.1145\/3543174.3546976"},{"key":"20758_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petermeijer SM, Tinga A, Jansen R, de Reus A, van Waterschoot B (2021) What makes a good team? - towards the assessment of driver-vehicle cooperation. In 13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (Leeds, United Kingdom) (AutomotiveUI \u201921). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3409118.3475153","DOI":"10.1145\/3409118.3475153"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2901817","volume":"21","author":"A Rasouli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rasouli A, Tsotsos JK (2019) Autonomous vehicles that interact with pedestrians: A survey of theory and practice. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 21(3):900\u2013918","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"20758_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rotsidis A, Theodorou A, Bryson JJ, Wortham RH (2019) Improving robot transparency: An investigation with mobile augmented reality. In 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956390","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956390"},{"key":"20758_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02757","volume":"2019","author":"A Rouchitsas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rouchitsas A, Alm H (2019) External human\u2013machine interfaces for autonomous vehicle-to-pedestrian communication: A review of empirical work. Front Psychol 2019:2757","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"20758_CR60","unstructured":"Jaguar Land Rover (2018) The virtual eyes have it. https:\/\/www.jaguarlandrover.com\/news\/2018\/08\/jaguar-land-rovers-virtual-eyes-look-trust-self-driving-cars.\u00a0Accessed 15 Mar 2025"},{"key":"20758_CR61","unstructured":"Jaguar Land Rover (2019) Jaguar land rover lights up the road ahead for self-driving vehicles of the future. https:\/\/www.jaguarlandrover.com\/news\/2019\/01\/jaguar-land-rover-lights-road-ahead-self-driving-vehicles-future"},{"issue":"2018","key":"20758_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.02.029","volume":"55","author":"DM Sanbonmatsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanbonmatsu DM, Strayer DL, Zhenghui Yu, Biondi F, Cooper JM (2018) Cognitive underpinnings of beliefs and confidence in beliefs about fully automated vehicles. Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav 55(2018):114\u2013122","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"20758_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selkowitz AR, Larios CA, Lakhmani SG, Chen JY (2016) Displaying information to support transparency for autonomous platforms. In Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems: Proceedings of the AHFE 2016 International Conference on Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems, July 27\u201331, 2016, Walt Disney World\u00ae, Florida, USA. Springer, 161\u2013173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41959-6_14"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2017.1336053","volume":"22","author":"SE Shladover","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shladover SE (2018) Connected and automated vehicle systems: Introduction and overview. J Intell Transp Syst 22(3):190\u2013200","journal-title":"J Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"20758_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866516","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2022.866516","volume":"4","author":"TTM Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran TTM, Parker C, Wang Y, Tomitsch M (2022) Designing wearable augmented reality concepts to support scalability in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction. Front Comput Sci 4:866516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcomp.2022.866516","journal-title":"Front Comput Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2018.2848342","volume":"13","author":"E Uhlemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uhlemann E (2018) Time for autonomous vehicles to connect [connected vehicles]. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 13(3):10\u201313","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"20758_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1108\/eb008097","volume":"1","author":"Arthur B VanGundy","year":"1984","unstructured":"VanGundy Arthur B (1984) Brain writing for new product ideas: an alternative to brainstorming. J Consum Mark 1(2):67\u201374","journal-title":"J Consum Mark"},{"issue":"3","key":"20758_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3351265","volume":"3","author":"H Verma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verma H, Pythoud G, Eden G, Lalanne D, Ev\u00e9quoz F (2019) Pedestrians and visual signs of intent: towards expressive autonomous passenger shuttles. Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquit Technol 3(3):1\u201331","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquit Technol"},{"key":"20758_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wortham RH, Theodorou A, Bryson JJ (2017) Improving robot transparency: Real-time visualisation of robot AI substantially improves understanding in naive observers. In 2017 26th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp 1424\u20131431","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172491"},{"key":"20758_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu X, Hoggenm\u00fcller M, Tomitsch M (2023) Your way or my way: improving human-robot co-navigation through robot intent and pedestrian prediction visualisations. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 211\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3568162.3576992","DOI":"10.1145\/3568162.3576992"},{"key":"20758_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zileli S, Boyd Davis S, Wu J (2019) Towards transparency between the autonomous vehicle and the pedestrian. Design and Semantics of Form and Movement, DesForm 2019: Beyond Intelligence (2019), 96\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/5395bc37.bd4815e4","DOI":"10.21428\/5395bc37.bd4815e4"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-025-20901-3","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000}}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T10:01:01Z","timestamp":1751450461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["20758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20758-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised: The author\u2019s name Martin Tomistch was corrected to Martin Tomitsch and Fig. 6 was replaced with high-quality version. Full information regarding the corrections made can be found in the erratum\/correction for this article.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20901-3","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-025-20901-3","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}