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However, this substantial enhancement in coding efficiency comes at the cost of an increase in computational demands, posing challenges for practical implementations. This paper conducts a thorough and quantitative assessment of VVC inter-frame prediction, the most computationally intensive tool in the VVC encoder. A comprehensive set of experiments on inter-frame prediction is presented, with a detailed evaluation of the primary bottlenecks of this tool. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this work is the first in the literature to offer this in-depth assessment of VVC inter-frame prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-026-21236-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:11:54Z","timestamp":1770145914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative assessment of inter-frame prediction in versatile video coding standard"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1836-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Loose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3421-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"21236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takamura S (2019) Versatile video coding: A Next-generation video coding standard. 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IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 31(10):3736\u20133764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3101953","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"key":"21236_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2023.103829","volume":"94","author":"D Garc\u00eda-Lucas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Lucas D, Cebri\u00e1n-M\u00e1rquez G, D\u00edaz-Honrubia AJ, Mallikarachchi T, Cuenca P (2023) A fast full partitioning algorithm for HEVC-to-VVC video transcoding using Bayesian classifiers. J Vis Commun Image Represent 94:103829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvcir.2023.103829","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"issue":"10","key":"21236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3072202","volume":"31","author":"H Schwarz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwarz H, Coban M, Karczewicz M, Chuang TD, Bossen F, Alshin A, Lainema J, Helmrich CR, Wiegand T (2021) Quantization and entropy coding in the versatile video coding (VVC) Standard. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 31(10):3891\u20133906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3072202","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"key":"21236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saldanha M, Sanchez G, Marcon C, Agostini L (2020) Complexity analysis Of VVC intra coding. 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