{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:36:34Z","timestamp":1769096194826,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T21:43:20Z","timestamp":1769031800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survey on IoT security using biometrics and blockchain technology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1626-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyaa","family":"Haleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saoussen","family":"Ben Jabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aref","family":"Meddeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"21279_CR1","unstructured":"Harbi Y (2021) Security in internet of things. PhD thesis, Ferhat Abbas University Setif 1"},{"issue":"4","key":"21279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc4040028","volume":"4","author":"HF Atlam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atlam HF, Azad MA, Alzahrani AG, Wills G (2020) A review of blockchain in internet of things and ai. Big Data Cogn Comput 4(4):28","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"21279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10040391","volume":"10","author":"D Na","year":"2021","unstructured":"Na D, Park S (2021) Fusion chain: a decentralized lightweight blockchain for iot security and privacy. Electronics 10(4):391","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"7","key":"21279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.03.006","volume":"34","author":"M Aboubakar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aboubakar M, Kellil M, Roux P (2022) A review of iot network management: current status and perspectives. J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci 34(7):4163\u20134176","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci"},{"key":"21279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavre M, Gadekar A, Gadhade Y (2019) Internet of things (iot): a survey. In: 2019 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/PuneCon46936.2019.9105831"},{"key":"21279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-3663-5","volume-title":"Blockchain in the industrial internet of things","author":"LK Ramasamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramasamy LK, Kadry S (2021) Blockchain in the industrial internet of things. IOP publishing, England"},{"issue":"18","key":"21279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6163","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186163","volume":"21","author":"W Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Sahri NM, Karie NM, Ahmed M, Valli C (2021) Biometrics for internet-of-things security: a review. Sensors 21(18):6163","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"21279_CR8","unstructured":"Khalili N (2022) Design and implementation of a blockchain-based global authentication system using biometrics and subscriber identification module. PhD thesis, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Ottawa\/University of Ottawa"},{"key":"21279_CR9","unstructured":"Uddin MA (2021) Lecture note on introduction to blockchain technology"},{"key":"21279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22767","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3253024","volume":"11","author":"M Rukhiran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rukhiran M, Wong-In S, Netinant P (2023) Iot-based biometric recognition systems in education for identity verification services: quality assessment approach. Ieee Access 11:22767\u201322787","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"key":"21279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2021.102581","volume":"121","author":"E Al Alkeem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Alkeem E, Yeun CY, Yun J, Yoo PD, Chae M, Rahman A, Asyhari AT (2021) Robust deep identification using ecg and multimodal biometrics for industrial internet of things. Ad Hoc Netw 121:102581","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"issue":"12","key":"21279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09394-z","volume":"36","author":"AI Siam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siam AI, El-Shafai W, Abou Elazm LA, El-Bahnasawy NA, Abd El-Samie FE, Abou Elazm A, El-Banby GM (2024) Enhanced user verification in iot applications: a fusion-based multimodal cancelable biometric system with ecg and ppg signals. Neural Comput Appl 36(12):6575\u20136595","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"21279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomi\u010di\u0107 I, Grd P, Ba\u010da M (2018) A review of soft biometrics for iot. In: 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, pp 1115\u20131120","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2018.8400203"},{"key":"21279_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gayathri M, Malathy C, Prabhakaran M (2020) A review on various biometric techniques, its features, methods, security issues and application areas. Computational Vision and Bio-Inspired Computing ICCVBIC 2019, 931\u2013941","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37218-7_99"},{"key":"21279_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue Q, Ju X, Zhu H, Zhu H, Li F, Zheng X (2019) A biometric-based iot device identity authentication scheme. In: Artificial Intelligence for Communications and Networks: First EAI International Conference, AICON 2019, Harbin, China, May 25\u201326, 2019, Proceedings, Part II 1. Springer, pp 139\u2013149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22971-9_12"},{"key":"21279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsellami BM, Deshmukh PD (2021) The recent trends in biometric traits authentication based on internet of things (iot). In: 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS). IEEE, pp 1359\u20131365","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIS50930.2021.9396007"},{"issue":"1","key":"21279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8051905","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8051905","volume":"2022","author":"M Moradi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moradi M, Moradkhani M, Tavakoli MB (2022) Security-level improvement of iot-based systems using biometric features. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 2022(1):8051905","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"key":"21279_CR18","unstructured":"Chawla N (2020) Ai, iot and wearable technology for smart healthcare-a review. Int J Recent Res Aspects 7(1)"},{"key":"21279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.07.009","volume":"138","author":"A Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross A, Banerjee S, Chowdhury A (2020) Security in smart cities: a brief review of digital forensic schemes for biometric data. Pattern Recogn Lett 138:346\u2013354","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"21279_CR20","first-page":"1614","volume":"45","author":"R Karthick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karthick R, Ramkumar R, Akram M, Kumar MV (2021) Overcome the challenges in bio-medical instruments using iot\u2013a review. Materials Today: Proceedings 45:1614\u20131619","journal-title":"Materials Today: Proceedings"},{"issue":"4","key":"21279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21619","volume":"39","author":"MM Mariani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mariani MM, Perez-Vega R, Wirtz J (2022) Ai in marketing, consumer research and psychology: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Psychology & Marketing 39(4):755\u2013776","journal-title":"Psychology & Marketing"},{"issue":"12","key":"21279_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7120405","volume":"7","author":"TM Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s TM, Fraga-Lamas P (2018) Towards the internet of smart clothing: a review on iot wearables and garments for creating intelligent connected e-textiles. Electronics 7(12):405","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"21279_CR23","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Ning H, Farha F, Ding J, Choo K-KR (2022) Artificial intelligence in physiological characteristics recognition for internet of things authentication. Digital Commun Netw"},{"issue":"7","key":"21279_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"MA Iqbal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iqbal MA, Olaleye OG, Bayoumi MA (2016) A review on internet of things (iot): security and privacy requirements and the solution approaches. Global J Comput Sci Technol: E Netw Web Secur 16(7):1\u201310","journal-title":"Global J Comput Sci Technol: E Netw Web Secur"},{"key":"21279_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.04.002","volume":"88","author":"FA Alaba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alaba FA, Othman M, Hashem IAT, Alotaibi F (2017) Internet of things security: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 88:10\u201328","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"21279_CR26","volume-title":"Internet of things: principles and paradigms","author":"R Buyya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buyya R, Dastjerdi AV (2016) Internet of things: principles and paradigms. Elsevier, London"},{"key":"21279_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh E, Mohiuddin I, Manzoor A (2019) Internet of things (iot): security and privacy threats. In: 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2019.8769539"},{"key":"21279_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.01.059","volume":"83","author":"K Sha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sha K, Wei W, Yang TA, Wang Z, Shi W (2018) On security challenges and open issues in internet of things. Futur Gener Comput Syst 83:326\u2013337","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"21279_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani HR, Ahmadzadegan MH (2017) Security challenges in internet of things: survey. In: 2017 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors (ICWiSe). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWISE.2017.8267153"},{"key":"21279_CR30","unstructured":"Rehman SU (2019) Security, privacy, and trust in iot. In: 2019 in International Electrical Engineering Conference (IEEC), Pakistan. IEEE"},{"key":"21279_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabraeil\u00a0Jamali M, Bahrami B, Heidari A, Allahverdizadeh P, Norouzi F (2019) Towards the internet of things: architectures, security, and applications. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18468-1"},{"issue":"10","key":"21279_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2021.09.004","volume":"34","author":"R Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar R, Sharma R (2022) Leveraging blockchain for ensuring trust in iot: a survey. J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci 34(10):8599\u20138622","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"21279_CR33","first-page":"42","volume":"2","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Niazy MS, Ziar RA, Khan S (2021) Survey on iot: security threats and applications. J Robot Control (JRC) 2(1):42\u201346","journal-title":"J Robot Control (JRC)"},{"issue":"8","key":"21279_CR34","first-page":"1987","volume":"7","author":"RK Bharati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharati RK, Kaushik D, Kumar A (2020) An integrated implementation iot: biometric data blockchain. Eur J Mol Clin Med 7(8):1987\u20131992","journal-title":"Eur J Mol Clin Med"},{"key":"21279_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100129","volume":"14","author":"H HaddadPajouh","year":"2021","unstructured":"HaddadPajouh H, Dehghantanha A, Parizi RM, Aledhari M, Karimipour H (2021) A survey on internet of things security: requirements, challenges, and solutions. Internet of Things 14:100129","journal-title":"Internet of Things"},{"key":"21279_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obaidat MS, Rana SP, Maitra T, Giri D, Dutta S (2019) Biometric security and internet of things (iot). Biometric-based Phys Cybersecurity Syst, 477\u2013509","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98734-7_19"},{"key":"21279_CR37","unstructured":"Kaushik S, Singh S (2022) Biometrics authentication in IoT"},{"key":"21279_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar AS, Rekha R (2023) Improving smart home safety with face recognition using machine learning. In: 2023 International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Communication, IoT and Security (ICISCoIS), pp 478\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICISCoIS56541.2023.10100592","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISCoIS56541.2023.10100592"},{"key":"21279_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Hu J, Zheng G, Valli C (2019) Security and accuracy of fingerprint-based biometrics: a review. Symmetry 11(2)","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020141"},{"key":"21279_CR40","unstructured":"Kulkarni PN, M R (2020) Iot based multimodal biometric. Int Res J Eng Technol (IRJET) 07"},{"key":"21279_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5994","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2889996","volume":"7","author":"Z Rui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rui Z, Yan Z (2018) A survey on biometric authentication: toward secure and privacy-preserving identification. IEEE Access 7:5994\u20136009","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"21279_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.01.001","volume":"558","author":"R Srivastva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastva R, Singh A, Singh YN (2021) Plexnet: a fast and robust ecg biometric system for human recognition. Inf Sci 558:208\u2013228","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"21279_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04652-3","volume":"12","author":"V Rajasekar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajasekar V, Predi\u0107 B, Saracevic M, Elhoseny M, Karabasevic D, Stanujkic D, Jayapaul P (2022) Enhanced multimodal biometric recognition approach for smart cities based on an optimized fuzzy genetic algorithm. Sci Rep 12(1):622","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"21279_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"NS Prakash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prakash NS, Venkatram N (2016) Establishing efficient security scheme in home iot devices through biometric finger print technique. Indian J Sci Technol 9(17):1\u20138","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"21279_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.3038040","volume":"11","author":"M Golec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golec M, Gill SS, Bahsoon R, Rana O (2020) Biosec: a biometric authentication framework for secure and private communication among edge devices in iot and industry 4.0. IEEE Consumer Electron Mag 11(2):51\u201356","journal-title":"IEEE Consumer Electron Mag"},{"key":"21279_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duraibi S (2020) Voice biometric identity authentication model for iot devices. Int J Secur Privacy Trust Manag (IJSPTM) 9","DOI":"10.5121\/ijsptm.2020.9201"},{"key":"21279_CR47","unstructured":"Lavange SD, Girish\u00a0Goalit SKPB (2020) Iot assisted fingerprint based door security system using raspberry pi 4. Int J Trend Sci Res Dev (IJTSRD) 4:1168\u20131170"},{"issue":"1","key":"21279_CR48","first-page":"4336822","volume":"2022","author":"M Moradi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moradi M, Moradkhani M, Tavakoli MB (2022) A real-time biometric encryption scheme based on fuzzy logic for iot. J Sensors 2022(1):4336822","journal-title":"J Sensors"},{"key":"21279_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyangaresi VO, Al\u00a0Sibahee MA, Abduljabbar ZA, Ma J, Khalefa MS (2022) Biometric-based packet validation scheme for body area network smart healthcare devices. In: 2022 IEEE 21st Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON). IEEE, pp 726\u2013731","DOI":"10.1109\/MELECON53508.2022.9842900"},{"issue":"3","key":"21279_CR50","first-page":"1271","volume":"20","author":"J AnnRoseela","year":"2020","unstructured":"AnnRoseela J, Godhavari T (2020) Biometric and rfid based authentication system for exam paper leakages detection using iot technology. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 20(3):1271\u20131277","journal-title":"Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci"},{"key":"21279_CR51","unstructured":"Jain T, Tomar U, Arora U, Jain S (2020) Iot based biometric attendance system. Int J Electr Eng Technol 11(2)"},{"key":"21279_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olazabal O, Gofman M, Bai Y, Choi Y, Sandico N, Mitra S, Pham K (2019) Multimodal biometrics for enhanced iot security. In: 2019 IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). IEEE, pp 0886\u20130893","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2019.8666599"},{"issue":"10","key":"21279_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10524-9","volume":"80","author":"F Cherifi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cherifi F, Amroun K, Omar M (2021) Robust multimodal biometric authentication on iot device through ear shape and arm gesture. Multimed Tools Appl 80(10):14807\u201314827","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"21279_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2944058","volume":"15","author":"L Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu L, Yang J, Zhou M, Chen Y, Wang Q (2019) Lvid: a multimodal biometrics authentication system on smartphones. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 15:1572\u20131585","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"21279_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.03.043","volume":"79","author":"D Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah D et al (2016) Iot based biometrics implementation on raspberry pi. Proc Comp Sci 79:328\u2013336","journal-title":"Proc Comp Sci"},{"key":"21279_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Yu K, Kang JJ, Johnstone MN (2020) Secure fingerprint authentication with homomorphic encryption. In: 2020 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA). IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA51227.2020.9363426"},{"issue":"13","key":"21279_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132985","volume":"19","author":"W Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Hu J, Ibrahim A, Zheng G, Macedo MJ, Johnstone MN, Valli C (2019) A cancelable iris-and steganography-based user authentication system for the internet of things. Sensors 19(13):2985","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"21279_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.073","volume":"484","author":"P Punithavathi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Punithavathi P, Geetha S, Karuppiah M, Islam SH, Hassan MM, Choo K-KR (2019) A lightweight machine learning-based authentication framework for smart iot devices. Inf Sci 484:255\u2013268","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"21279_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020552","volume":"21","author":"F Farid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farid F, Elkhodr M, Sabrina F, Ahamed F, Gide E (2021) A smart biometric identity management framework for personalised iot and cloud computing-based healthcare services. Sensors 21(2):552","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"21279_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108074","volume":"119","author":"A Bedari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bedari A, Wang S, Yang W (2021) Design of cancelable mcc-based fingerprint templates using dyno-key model. Pattern Recogn 119:108074","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"21279_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q (2018) Deep learning of electrocardiography dynamics for biometric human identification in era of iot. In: 2018 9th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON). IEEE, pp 885\u2013888","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2018.8796676"},{"issue":"4","key":"21279_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2864796","volume":"23","author":"G Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng G, Yang W, Valli C, Qiao L, Shankaran R, Orgun MA, Mukhopadhyay SC (2018) Finger-to-heart (f2h): authentication for wireless implantable medical devices. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 23(4):1546\u20131557","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"21279_CR63","first-page":"255","volume":"34","author":"PK Dhillon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dhillon PK, Kalra S (2017) A lightweight biometrics based remote user authentication scheme for iot services. J Inf Secur Appl 34:255\u2013270","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"21279_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148950","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946400","volume":"7","author":"BH Taher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taher BH, Jiang S, Yassin AA, Lu H (2019) Low-overhead remote user authentication protocol for iot based on a fuzzy extractor and feature extraction. IEEE Access 7:148950\u2013148966","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"21279_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800378","volume":"57","author":"W Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang S, Zheng G, Yang J, Valli C (2019) A privacy-preserving lightweight biometric system for internet of things security. IEEE Commun Mag 57(3):84\u201389","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"21279_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06270-9","volume":"106","author":"V Rakovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakovic V, Karamachoski J, Atanasovski V, Gavrilovska L (2019) Blockchain paradigm and internet of things. Wirel Pers Commun 106:219\u2013235","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"key":"21279_CR67","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sehgal DSSDU (2021) A review on securing iot with blockchain technology. Science, Technology, and Development, 1002"},{"key":"21279_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani MKI (2022) Blockchain technology: principles and algorithms. In: Blockchain technology and computational excellence for society 5.0. IGI Global, USA, pp 16\u201327","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-8382-1.ch002"},{"issue":"5","key":"21279_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987","volume":"6","author":"H-N Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai H-N, Zheng Z, Zhang Y (2019) Blockchain for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Internet Things J 6(5):8076\u20138094","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"8","key":"21279_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2021.11.023","volume":"61","author":"RL Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar RL, Khan F, Kadry S, Rho S (2022) A survey on blockchain for industrial internet of things. Alex Eng J 61(8):6001\u20136022","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"issue":"5","key":"21279_CR71","first-page":"653","volume":"19","author":"I-C Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin I-C, Liao T-C (2017) A survey of blockchain security issues and challenges. Int J Netw Secur 19(5):653\u2013659","journal-title":"Int J Netw Secur"},{"issue":"14","key":"21279_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145274","volume":"22","author":"M Krichen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krichen M, Ammi M, Mihoub A, Almutiq M (2022) Blockchain for modern applications: a survey. Sensors 22(14):5274","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"21279_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9781839821981","volume-title":"The emerald handbook of blockchain for business","author":"HK Baker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker HK, Nikbakht E, Smith SS (2021) The emerald handbook of blockchain for business. Emerald Publishing Limited, United Kingdom"},{"key":"21279_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azbeg K, Ouchetto O, Jai Andaloussi S, Fetjah L (2021) An overview of blockchain consensus algorithms: comparison, challenges and future directions. Adv Smart Soft Comput Proc ICACIn 2020, 357\u2013369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6048-4_31"},{"key":"21279_CR75","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7 F (2022) A decentralized bim document management system with blockchain and ipfs integration for construction project delivery. Master\u2019s thesis, Middle East Technical University"},{"key":"21279_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arul P, Renuka S (2021) Blockchain technology using consensus mechanism for iot-based e-healthcare system. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 1055. IOP Publishing, p 012106","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1055\/1\/012106"},{"key":"21279_CR77","unstructured":"Salimitari M, Chatterjee M (2018) A survey on consensus protocols in blockchain for iot networks. arXiv:1809.05613"},{"issue":"4","key":"21279_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2991994","volume":"28","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Cao B, Peng M, Zhang L, Zhang L, Feng D, Yu J (2020) Direct acyclic graph-based ledger for internet of things: performance and security analysis. IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw 28(4):1643\u20131656","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"key":"21279_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obaidat MA, Rawashdeh M, Alja\u2019afreh M, Abouali M, Thakur K, Karime A (2024) Exploring iot and blockchain: a comprehensive survey on security, integration strategies, applications and future research directions. Big Data Cogn Comput 8(12):174","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc8120174"},{"key":"21279_CR80","unstructured":"Hammudoglu J, Sparreboom J, Rauhamaa J, Faber J, Guerchi L, Samiotis IP, Rao S, Pouwelse JA (2017) Portable trust: biometric-based authentication and blockchain storage for self-sovereign identity systems. arXiv:1706.03744"},{"key":"21279_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhao Z, Guo G, Wang X, Tan Z, Wang S (2017) An identity management system based on blockchain. In: 2017 15th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST). IEEE, pp 44\u20134409","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2017.00016"},{"key":"21279_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Z, Xu L, Turner G, Patel B, Diallo N, Chen L, Shi W (2018) Blockchain-based identity management with mobile device. In: Proceedings of the 1st workshop on cryptocurrencies and blockchains for distributed systems. Association for Computing Machinery, Germany. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3211933.3211945","DOI":"10.1145\/3211933.3211945"},{"key":"21279_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarier, N.D.: Privacy preserving biometric identification on the bitcoin blockchain.In: International Symposium on Cyberspa ce Safety and Security, pp. 254\u2013269(2018). Springer https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-01689-0_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01689-0_20"},{"key":"21279_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sun G, Schuckers S (2019) Enabling secure and privacy preserving identity management via smart contract. In: 2019 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2019.8802771"},{"key":"21279_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odelu V (2020) IMBUA: identity management on blockchain for biometrics-based user authentication, pp 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-23813-1_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23813-1_1"},{"key":"21279_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1ez R, P\u00e9rez M, Ram\u00edrez G, Montes J, Bouvarel L (2020) An architecture for biometric electronic identification document system based on blockchain. Future Internet 12(1)","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12010010"},{"key":"21279_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma S, Dwivedi R (2024) A survey on blockchain deployment for biometric systems. IET Blockchain 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/blc2.12063","DOI":"10.1049\/blc2.12063"},{"key":"21279_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu B, Agbele T, Jiang R (2020) Biometric blockchain: a secure solution for intelligent vehicle data sharing, pp 245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-32583-1_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32583-1_11"},{"issue":"3","key":"21279_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2021.08.003","volume":"7","author":"YK Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee YK, Jeong J (2021) Securing biometric authentication system using blockchain. ICT Express 7(3):322\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icte.2021.08.003","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"issue":"2","key":"21279_CR90","first-page":"241","volume":"13","author":"Z Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui Z, Xue F, Zhang S, Cai X, Cao Y, Zhang W, Chen J (2020) A hybrid blockchain-based identity authentication scheme for multi-wsn. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 13(2):241\u2013251","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Serv Comput"},{"key":"21279_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.11.088","volume":"160","author":"A Clim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clim A, Zota RD, Constantinescu R (2019) Data exchanges based on blockchain in m-health applications. Proc Comp Sci 160:281\u2013288","journal-title":"Proc Comp Sci"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T23:03:01Z","timestamp":1769036581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["21279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21279-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}