{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1776420351423,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:22:35Z","timestamp":1776417755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asthmanet: integrating deep learning and reinforcement learning for pediatric asthma prediction and personalized recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Pushkal Kumar","family":"Shukla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarika","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"21371_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulos NG, Miligkos M, Xepapadaki P (2021) A current perspective of allergic asthma: from mechanisms to management. Allergic Diseases\u2013From Basic Mechanisms to Comprehensive Management and Prevention, pp 69\u201393","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_483"},{"issue":"9","key":"21371_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20191309","volume":"134","author":"A Banno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banno A, Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Reddy RC (2020) Bidirectional interaction of airway epithelial remodeling and inflammation in asthma. Clin Sci 134(9):1063\u20131079","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"21371_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100588","volume":"14","author":"NM Ibrahim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibrahim NM, Almarzouqi FI, Al Melaih FA, Farouk H, Alsayed M, AlJassim FM (2021) Prevalence of asthma and allergies among children in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. World Allergy Organ J 14(10):100588","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"21371_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00731-2021","author":"MW Pijnenburg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pijnenburg MW, Frey U, De Jongste JC, Saglani S (2022) Childhood asthma: pathogenesis and phenotypes. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00731-2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.01.042","volume":"158","author":"AB Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Irwin RS, Adams TM, Altman KW, Azoulay E, Vertigan AE (2020) Managing chronic cough as a symptom in children and management algorithms: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 158(1):303\u2013329","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"21371_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213068","volume":"75","author":"DK Lo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lo DK, Beardsmore CS, Roland D, Richardson M, Yang Y, Danvers L, Gaillard EA (2020) Lung function and asthma control in school-age children managed in UK primary care: a cohort study. Thorax 75(2):101\u2013107","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"21371_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14049","volume":"34","author":"Y Xing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xing Y, Leung ASY, Wong GWK (2023) From preschool wheezing to asthma: environmental determinants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 34(11):e14049","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"21371_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367854706-12","volume-title":"Pediatric asthma. Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician","author":"MTC Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim MTC, babu Ramamurthy M, Goh DYT (2021) Pediatric asthma. Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician. CRC, pp 125\u2013138"},{"key":"21371_CR9","volume-title":"Systems and Signal Processing of Capnography as a Diagnostic Tool for Asthma Assessment","author":"MB Malarvili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malarvili MB, Howe TA, Ramanathan S, Alexie M, Singh OP (2022) Systems and Signal Processing of Capnography as a Diagnostic Tool for Asthma Assessment. Academic Press"},{"key":"21371_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaillard EA, Kuehni CE, Turner S, Goutaki M, Holden KA, de Jong CC, Moeller A (2021) European Respiratory Society clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in children aged 5\u201316 years. European respiratory journal,58(5)","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04173-2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"21371_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30399-4","volume":"8","author":"MW Pijnenburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pijnenburg MW, Fleming L (2020) Advances in understanding and reducing the burden of severe asthma in children. Lancet Respir Med 8(10):1032\u20131044","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"21371_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082397","volume":"9","author":"N Scichilone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scichilone N, Barnes PJ, Battaglia S, Benfante A, Brown R, Canonica GW, Boulet LP (2020) The hidden burden of severe asthma: from patient perspective to new opportunities for clinicians. J Clin Med 9(8):2397","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2019.1658205","volume":"58","author":"S Bhargava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhargava S, Holla AD, Jayaraj BS, Praveena AS, Ravi S, Khurana S, Mahesh PA (2021) Distinct asthma phenotypes with low maximal attainment of lung function on cluster analysis. J Asthma 58(1):26\u201337","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"21371_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hus Y, Segal O (2021) Challenges surrounding the diagnosis of autism in children. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 3509\u20133529","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S282569"},{"issue":"16","key":"21371_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165404","volume":"12","author":"SDJ Romero-Tapia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romero-Tapia SDJ, Becerril-Negrete JR, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Del-R\u00edo-Navarro BE (2023) Early prediction of asthma. J Clin Med 12(16):5404","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"21371_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091435","volume":"12","author":"J Varkonyi-Sepp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varkonyi-Sepp J, Freeman A, Ainsworth B, Kadalayil LP, Haitchi HM, Kurukulaaratchy RJ (2022) Multimorbidity in difficult asthma: the need for personalised and non-pharmacological approaches to address a difficult breathing syndrome. J Pers Med 12(9):1435","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"21371_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.969243","volume":"9","author":"G Guida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guida G, Bagnasco D, Carriero V, Bertolini F, Ricciardolo FLM, Nicola S, Heffler E (2022) Critical evaluation of asthma biomarkers in clinical practice. Front Med 9:969243","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"21371_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2022.100050","volume":"2","author":"R AlSaad","year":"2022","unstructured":"AlSaad R, Malluhi Q, Janahi I, Boughorbel S (2022) Predicting emergency department utilization among children with asthma using deep learning models. Healthcare Analytics 2:100050","journal-title":"Healthcare Analytics"},{"key":"21371_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpo.2024.0070","author":"D Lange","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lange D, Lindenmeyer A, Warren K, Haroon S, Nagakumar P (2024) Will anybody listen?\u201d parents\u2019 views on childhood asthma care: a qualitative study. BJGP Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgpo.2024.0070","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010082","volume":"12","author":"ML Everard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Everard ML (2022) Precision medicine and childhood asthma: a guide for the unwary. J Pers Med 12(1):82","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"21371_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144746","volume":"770","author":"X Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng X, Thurston G, Zhang W, Ryan I, Jiang C, Khwaja H, Lin S (2021) Application of data science methods to identify school and home risk factors for asthma and allergy-related symptoms among children in New York. Sci Total Environ 770:144746","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320110","volume":"107","author":"D Lo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lo D, Beardsmore C, Roland D, Richardson M, Yang Y, Danvers L, Gaillard EA (2022) Risk factors for asthma attacks and poor control in children: a prospective observational study in UK primary care. Arch Dis Child 107(1):26\u201331","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"21371_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01210-1","volume":"20","author":"MR van der Kamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"van der Kamp MR, Klaver EC, Thio BJ, Driessen JM, de Jongh FH, Tabak M, Hermens HJ (2020) WEARCON: wearable home monitoring in children with asthma reveals a strong association with hospital based assessment of asthma control. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 20:1\u201312","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"21371_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247784","volume":"16","author":"S Bose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bose S, Kenyon CC, Masino AJ (2021) Personalized prediction of early childhood asthma persistence: a machine learning approach. PLoS One 16(3):e0247784","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i1.25","volume":"49","author":"S Hallit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hallit S, Sacre H, Kheir N, Hallit R, Waked M, Salameh P (2021) Prevalence of asthma, its correlates, and validation of the pre-school asthma risk factors scale (PS-ARFS) among preschool children in Lebanon. Allergol Immunopathol 49(1):40\u201349","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"21371_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24790","volume":"55","author":"S Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng S, Hu Y, Chen Z, Wang M, Liao W (2020) Predicting asthma exacerbation by impulse oscillometry evaluation of small airway function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in preschool children. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(7):1601\u20131607","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"21371_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.870529","volume":"10","author":"Y Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu Y, Pan C, Guo S, Wu H (2022) Dietary intake and asthma in preschoolers: a logistic lasso regression analysis. Front Pediatr 10:870529","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-020-00202-y","volume":"30","author":"JE Bins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bins JE, Metting EI, Muilwijk-Kroes JB, Kocks JWH, in\u2019t Veen JCCM (2020) The use of a direct bronchial challenge test in primary care to diagnose asthma. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 30(1):45","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"21371_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9025","volume":"40","author":"RD Riley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riley RD, Debray TP, Collins GS, Archer L, Ensor J, van Smeden M, Snell KI (2021) Minimum sample size for external validation of a clinical prediction model with a binary outcome. Stat Med 40(19):4230\u20134251","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"21371_CR30","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/deepayanthakur\/asthma-disease-prediction"},{"key":"21371_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.06.012","volume":"160","author":"ML Yadav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yadav ML, Roychoudhury B (2018) Handling missing values: a study of popular imputation packages in R. Knowl Based Syst 160:104\u2013118","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"key":"21371_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.106956","volume":"198","author":"F U\u011furlu","year":"2020","unstructured":"U\u011furlu F, Y\u0131ld\u0131z S, Boran M, U\u011furlu \u00d6, Wang J (2020) Analysis of fishing vessel accidents with Bayesian network and Chi-square methods. Ocean Eng 198:106956","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"21371_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoker P, Tian G, Kim JY (2020) Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Basic Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners. Routledge, pp 197\u2013219","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429325021-11"},{"key":"21371_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2020.106706","volume":"213","author":"L Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang L, Fu M, Li F, Qu H, Liu Y, Chen W (2021) A deep reinforcement learning based long-term recommender system. Knowl Based Syst 213:106706","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"21371_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.04.010","volume":"68","author":"K Tomita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomita K, Nagao R, Touge H, Ikeuchi T, Sano H, Yamasaki A, Tohda Y (2019) Deep learning facilitates the diagnosis of adult asthma. Allergol Int 68(4):456\u2013461","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"21371_CR36","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang Z, Pengetnze YM, Lachman BS, Chowdhry V (2019) Deep learning models to predict pediatric asthma emergency department visits. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11195"},{"issue":"1","key":"21371_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02616-x","volume":"24","author":"H Hwang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hwang H, Jang JH, Lee E, Park HS, Lee JY (2023) Prediction of the number of asthma patients using environmental factors based on deep learning algorithms. Respir Res 24(1):302","journal-title":"Respir Res"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:22:43Z","timestamp":1776417763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["21371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-026-21371-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethics approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare that we have no competing interest.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"409"}}