{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:36:14Z","timestamp":1775039774254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]],"date-time":"2008-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,5]],"date-time":"2008-04-05T06:51:44Z","timestamp":1207378304000},"page":"387-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Autopoiesis, the immune system, and adaptive information filtering"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Nanas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"de Roeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong R, Freitag D, Joachims T, Mitchell T (1995) Webwatcher: a learning apprentice for the world wide web. In: 1995 AAAI spring symposium on information gathering from heterogeneous distributed environments. pp 6\u201312","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA640219"},{"key":"9068_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baclace PE (1992) Competitive agents for information filtering. Commun ACM 35(12), 50","DOI":"10.1145\/138859.138865"},{"key":"9068_CR3","unstructured":"Bersini H (2002) Self-Assertion versus self-recognition: a tribute to Francisco Varela. In: Timmis J, Bentley PJ (eds) Proceedings of the 1st international conference on artificial immune systems (ICARIS). University of Kent at Canterbury, University of Kent at Canterbury Printing Unit, pp 107\u2013112"},{"key":"9068_CR4","unstructured":"Bersini H, Varela F (1994) The immune learning mechanisms: reinforcement, recruitment and their applications. In: Computing with biological metaphors. Chapman Hall, pp 166\u2013192"},{"key":"9068_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra GB, Barra TV, Ferreira HM, Knidel H, de Castro LN, Zuben FJV (2006) An immunological filter for spam. In: Bersini H, Carneiro J (eds) 5th international conference on artificial immune systems. pp 446\u2013458","DOI":"10.1007\/11823940_34"},{"key":"9068_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billsus D, Pazzani M (1999) A hybrid user model for news story classification. In: 7th international conference on user modeling. Banff, Canada, pp 99\u2013108","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-2490-1_10"},{"key":"9068_CR7","unstructured":"Boughanem M, Chrisment C, Tmar M (2001) Mercure and MercureFiltre applied for web and filtering tasks at TREC-10. In: TREC-10. pp 303\u2013312"},{"key":"9068_CR8","unstructured":"Capra F (1996) The web of life. Harper Collins"},{"key":"9068_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayzer S, Aickelin U (2002) A recommender system based on the immune network. Technical Report HPL-2002-1, HP Laboratories Bristol","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2832078"},{"key":"9068_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cetintemel U, Franklin MJ, Giles CL (2000) Self-adaptive user profiles for large-scale data delivery. In: International conference on data engineering. San Diego, CA, pp 622\u2013633","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2000.839477"},{"issue":"4","key":"9068_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026139027539","volume":"4","author":"DL Chao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chao DL, Forrest S (2003) Information immune systems. Genet Progr Evolvable Mach 4(4):311\u2013331","journal-title":"Genet Progr Evolvable Mach"},{"key":"9068_CR12","unstructured":"Dasgupta D (ed) (1998) Artificial immune systems and their applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K"},{"key":"9068_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80313-3","volume":"149","author":"RJ Boer De","year":"1991","unstructured":"De Boer RJ, Perelson AS (1991) Size and connectivity as emergent properties of a developing immune network. J Theor Biol 149:381\u2013424","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"9068_CR14","volume-title":"Artificial immune systems: a new computational intelligence approach","author":"LN Castro de","year":"2002","unstructured":"de Castro LN, Timmis J (2002) artificial immune systems: a new computational intelligence approach. Springer-Verlag, UK"},{"key":"9068_CR15","first-page":"187","volume":"22D","author":"JD Farmer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Farmer JD, Packard NH, Perelson AS (1986) The immune system, adaptation, and machine learning. Physica 22D:187\u2013204","journal-title":"Physica"},{"key":"9068_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greensmith J, Cayzer S (2003) An artificial immune system approach to semantic document classification. In: Timmis J, Bentley P, Hart E (eds) 2nd international conference on artificial immune systems (ICARIS 2003). pp 136\u2013146","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45192-1_14"},{"issue":"4","key":"9068_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568257","volume":"8","author":"SA Hofmeyr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hofmeyr SA, Forrest S (2000) Architecture for an artificial immune system. Evol Comput 8(4):443\u2013473","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"9068_CR18","unstructured":"Hull DA (1998) The TREC-7 filtering track: description and analysis. In: Voorhess EM, Harman DK (eds) The 7th text retrieval conference (TREC-7). Gaithesrburg, MD, pp 33\u201356, NIST Special Publication 500-242"},{"issue":"C","key":"9068_CR19","first-page":"373","volume":"125","author":"NK Jerne","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jerne NK (1973) Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol 125(C):373\u2013389","journal-title":"Ann Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9068_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198711)38:6<420::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"38","author":"WP Jones","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones WP, Furnas GW (1986) Pictures of relevance: a geometric analysis of similarity measures. J Am Soc Inf Sci 38(6):420\u2013442","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inf Sci"},{"key":"9068_CR21","unstructured":"Kelso JAS (1999) Dynamic patterns: the self-organization of brain and behavior. MIT Press"},{"key":"9068_CR22","volume-title":"Understanding medical immunology","author":"E Kirkwood","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kirkwood E, Lewis C (1989) Understanding medical immunology. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"9068_CR23","unstructured":"Klinkenberg R, Renz I (1998) Adaptive information filtering: Learning in the presence of concept drifts. In: Learning for text categorization. Menlo Park, California, pp 33\u201340, AAAI Press"},{"key":"9068_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam W, Mukhopadhyay S, Mostafa J, Palakal M (1996) Detection of shifts in user interests for personalized information filtering. In: 19th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. Zurich, Switzerland, pp 317\u2013325","DOI":"10.1145\/243199.243279"},{"key":"9068_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maturana HR, Varela FJ (1980) Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, vol 42 of boston studies in the philosophy of science. Dordrecht D. Reidel Publishing Company","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"9068_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059","volume":"296","author":"P Matzinger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matzinger P (2002) The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296:301\u2013305","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9068_CR27","unstructured":"Menczer F (1997) ARACHNID: Adaptive retrieval agents choosing heuristic neighborhoods for information discovery. In: Machine learning: proceedings of the fourteenth international conference. pp 227\u2013235"},{"key":"9068_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menczer F, Belew R (1998) Adaptive information agents in distributed textual environments. In: 2nd international conference on autonomous agents. Minneapolis, MN, pp 157\u2013164","DOI":"10.1145\/280765.280794"},{"key":"9068_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menczer F, Monge AE (1999) Scalable web search by adaptive online agents: an InfoSpiders case study. In: Klusch M (ed) Intelligent information agents: agent-based information discovery and management on the Internet. Springer-Verlag, pp 323\u2013347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60018-0_17"},{"key":"9068_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison T, Aickelin U (2002) An artificial immune system as a recommender for web sites. In: 1st international conference on artificial immune systems. pp 161\u2013169","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2832052"},{"issue":"1","key":"9068_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010094506174","volume":"1","author":"A Moukas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moukas A, Maes P (1998) Amalthaea: An evolving multi-agent information filtering and discovery system for the WWW. Auton Agent Multi Agent Syst 1(1):59\u201388","journal-title":"Auton Agent Multi Agent Syst"},{"key":"9068_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanas N (2003) Towards Nootropia: a non-linear approach to adaptive document filtering. Ph.D. thesis, The Open University","DOI":"10.1145\/986278.986299"},{"key":"9068_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanas N, De Roeck A (2007a) Multimodal dynamic optimisation: from evolutionary algorithms to artificial immune systems. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on artificial immune systems. pp 13\u201324","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73922-7_2"},{"key":"9068_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanas N, De Roeck A (2007b) A review of evolutionary and immune inspired information filtering. Nat Comput (submitted)","DOI":"10.1007\/11823940_32"},{"key":"9068_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanas N, Uren V, De Roeck A, Domingue J (2004a) Multi-topic information filtering with a single user profile. In: 3rd Hellenic conference on artificial intelligence. pp 400\u2013409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24674-9_42"},{"key":"9068_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanas N, Uren V, Roeck AD (2004b) A comparative evaluation of term weighting methods in information filtering. In: 4th international workshop on natural language and information systems (NLIS \u201904). pp 13\u201317","DOI":"10.1109\/DEXA.2004.1333442"},{"key":"9068_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oda T, White T (2005) Immunity from spam: an analysis of an artificial immune system for junk email detection. In: ICARIS. pp 276\u2013289","DOI":"10.1007\/11536444_21"},{"issue":"5","key":"9068_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(96)00026-X","volume":"32","author":"YC Park","year":"1996","unstructured":"Park YC, Choi K-S (1996) Automatic thesaurus construction using bayesian networks. Inf Process Manage 32(5):543\u2013553","journal-title":"Inf Process Manage"},{"key":"9068_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(79)90275-3","volume":"81","author":"A Perelson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Perelson A, Oster G (1979) Theoretical studies of clonal selection: minimal antibody repertoire size and reliability of self-non-self discrimination. J Theor Biol 81:645\u2013670","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"9068_CR40","first-page":"131","volume":"1","author":"MF Porter","year":"1982","unstructured":"Porter MF (1982) Implementing a probabilistic information retrieval system. Inf Technol Res Dev 1:131\u2013156","journal-title":"Inf Technol Res Dev"},{"key":"9068_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter MA, Jong KAD (1998) The coevolution of antibodies for concept learning. In: Eiben AE, B\u00e4ck T (eds) 5th international conference on parallel problem solving from nature (PPSN V). Springer-Verlag, Amsterdam, pp 530\u2013539","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056895"},{"key":"9068_CR42","unstructured":"Robertson S, Soboroff I (2001) The TREC 2001 filtering track report. In: The tenth text retrieval conference (TREC-10). pp 26\u201337"},{"key":"9068_CR43","unstructured":"Rocchio J (1971) Relevance feedback in information retrieval, Chap 14, Prentice-Hall Inc., pp 313\u2013323"},{"key":"9068_CR44","unstructured":"Rose T, Stevenson M, Whitehead M (2002) The reuters corpus volume 1\u2014from yesterday\u2019s news to tomorrow\u2019s language resources. In: 3rd international conference on language resources and evaluation. pp 827\u2013832"},{"key":"9068_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schapire R, Singer Y, Singhal A (1998) Boosting and Rocchio applied to text filtering. In: 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. pp 215\u2013223","DOI":"10.1145\/290941.290996"},{"key":"9068_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Secker A, Freitas AA, Timmis J (2003) AISEC: an artificial immune system for e-mail classification. In: Sarker R, Reynolds R, Abbass H, Kay-Chen T, McKay R, Essam D, Gedeon T (eds) Congress on evolutionary computation. Canberra, Australia, pp 131\u2013139, IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2003.1299566"},{"key":"9068_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo Y, Zhang B (2000) A reinforcement learning agent for personalized information filtering. In: Intelligent user interfaces. New Orleans, LA, pp 248\u2013251","DOI":"10.1145\/325737.325859"},{"key":"9068_CR48","unstructured":"Sheth BD (1994) A learning approach to personalized information filtering. Master of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"key":"9068_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80152-3","volume":"153","author":"J Stewart","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stewart J, Varela FJ (1991) Morphogenesis in shape-space, elementary meta-dynamics in a model of the immune network. J Theor Biol 153:477\u2013498","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"9068_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarakanov AO, Skormin VA, Sokolova SP (2003) Immunocomputing: principles and applications. Springer Verlag","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3807-0"},{"key":"9068_CR51","unstructured":"Tauber A (2002) The biological notion of self and non-self. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"9068_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00123-1","volume":"122","author":"DR Tauritz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tauritz DR, Kok JN, Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper IG (2000) Adaptive information filtering using evolutionary computation. Inf Sci 122(2\u20134):121\u2013140","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"9068_CR53","unstructured":"Twycross J, Cayzer S (2002) An immune-based approach to document classification. Technical Report HPL-2002-292, HP Research Bristol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9068_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80046-5","volume":"12","author":"FJ Varela","year":"1991","unstructured":"Varela FJ, Coutinho A (1991) Second generation immune network. Immunol Today 12(5):159\u2013166","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"9068_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(74)90031-8","volume":"5","author":"FJ Varela","year":"1974","unstructured":"Varela FJ, Maturana H, Uribe R (1974) Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. Biosystems 5(4):187\u2013196","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"9068_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(78)90005-1","volume":"4","author":"NM Vaz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vaz NM, Varela F (1978) Self and non-sense: an organism-centered approach to immunology. Med Hypotheses 4:231\u2013267","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"9068_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins AB, Boggess LC (2002) A resource limited artificial immune classifier. In: Congress on evolutionary computation, part of the 2002 IEEE world congress on computational intelligence. pp 926\u2013931","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2002.1007049"},{"key":"9068_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011117102175","volume":"11","author":"GI Webb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Webb GI, Pazzani MJ, Billsus D (2001) Machine learning for user modeling. User Model User-adapt Interact 11:19\u201329","journal-title":"User Model User-adapt Interact"},{"key":"9068_CR59","first-page":"69","volume":"23","author":"G Widmer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Widmer G, Kubat M (1996) Learning in the presence of concept drift and hidden contexts. Mach Learn 23:69\u2013101","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"9068_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widyantoro DH, Ioerger TR, Yen J (1999) An adaptive algorithm for learning changes in user interests. In: ACM\/CIKM\u201999 Conference on information and knowledge management. Kansas City, MO, pp 405\u2013412","DOI":"10.1145\/319950.323230"},{"key":"9068_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widyantoro DH, Loerger TR, Yen J (2001) Learning user interests dynamics with a three-descriptor representation. JASIS, pp 212\u2013225","DOI":"10.1002\/1532-2890(2000)9999:9999<::AID-ASI1615>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"9068_CR62","unstructured":"Winiwarter W (1999) PEA\u2014a personal email assistant with evolutionary adaptation. Int J Inf Technol 5(1)"}],"container-title":["Natural Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T03:46:03Z","timestamp":1559360763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11047-008-9068-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-7818","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,6]]}}}