{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:32:11Z","timestamp":1779903131605,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T12:31:57Z","timestamp":1611923517000},"page":"243-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Visualizations for rule-based machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will N.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9840_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aenugu S, Spector L (2019) Lexicase selection in learning classifier systems. In: Genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 356\u2013364","DOI":"10.1145\/3321707.3321828"},{"key":"9840_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arulkumaran K, Cully A, Togelius J (2019) Alphastar: an evolutionary computation perspective. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference companion, pp 314\u2013315","DOI":"10.1145\/3319619.3321894"},{"key":"9840_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39925-4","volume-title":"Applications of learning classifier systems","author":"L Bull","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bull L (2004) Applications of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 1\u201312"},{"key":"9840_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005) Computational complexity of the XCS classifier system. In: Foundations of learning classifier systems, pp 91\u2013125","DOI":"10.1007\/11319122_5"},{"key":"9840_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butz MV, Goldberg DE, Lanzi PL (2005) Gradient descent methods in learning classifier systems: improving XCS performance in multistep problems, pp 452\u2013473","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2005.850265"},{"key":"9840_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-009-0019-y","volume":"2","author":"MV Butz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butz MV, Lanzi PL (2009) Sequential problems that test generalization in learning classifier systems. Evol Intell 2:141\u2013148","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"key":"9840_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.903551","volume":"12","author":"MV Butz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Butz MV, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2008) Function approximation with XCS: hyperellipsoidal conditions, recursive least squares, and compaction. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 12:355\u2013376","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"key":"9840_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon PW, Corne DW, Oates MJ (2002) A ruleset reduction algorithm for the XCS learning classifier system. In: International workshop on learning classifier systems, pp 20\u201329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-40029-5_2"},{"key":"9840_CR9","unstructured":"Fu C, Davis L (2002) A modified classifier system compaction algorithm. In: 4th Annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, pp 920\u2013925"},{"key":"9840_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5","volume":"17","author":"M Iqbal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal M, Browne WN, Zhang M (2013) Evolving optimum populations with XCS classifier systems. Soft Comput 17:503\u2013518","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"9840_CR11","first-page":"73","volume":"6","author":"M Iqbal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iqbal M, Browne WN, Zhang M (2013) Learning complex, overlapping and niche imbalance Boolean problems using XCS-based classifier systems, evolutionary. Intelligence 6:73\u201391","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"9840_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-018-0088-x","volume":"3","author":"MR Karlsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karlsen MR, Moschoyiannis S (2018) Evolution of control with learning classifier systems. Appl Netw Sci 3:30\u201366","journal-title":"Appl Netw Sci"},{"key":"9840_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukenys I, Browne WN, Zhang M (2011) Transparent, online image pattern classification using a learning classifier system. In: European conference on the applications of evolutionary computation, pp 183\u2013193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20525-5_19"},{"key":"9840_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0","volume-title":"Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications","author":"PL Lanzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lanzi PL (2000) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"9840_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s005000100113","volume":"6","author":"PL Lanzi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lanzi PL (2002) Learning classifier systems from a reinforcement learning perspective. Soft Comput 6:162\u2013170","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"9840_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-007-0003-3","volume":"1","author":"PL Lanzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lanzi PL (2008) Learning classifier systems: then and now. Evol Intell 1:63\u201382","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"key":"9840_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Browne WN, Xue B (2018) Adapting bagging and boosting to learning classifier systems. In: International conference on the applications of evolutionary computation, pp 405\u2013420","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77538-8_28"},{"key":"9840_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Browne WN, Xue B (2019) Absumption to complement subsumption in learning classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 410\u2013418","DOI":"10.1145\/3321707.3321719"},{"key":"9840_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Browne WN, Xue B (2020a) Absumption and subsumption based learning classifier systems. In: Under processing of genetic and evolutionary computation conference","DOI":"10.1145\/3321707.3321719"},{"key":"9840_CR20","unstructured":"Liu Y, Browne WN, Xue B (2020b) Rule compaction algorithms for learning classifier systems. In: Transactions on evolutionary learning and optimization"},{"key":"9840_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00167","volume":"25","author":"I Muhammad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muhammad I, Browne WN, Zhang M (2017) Extending XCS with cyclic graphs for scalability on complex boolean problems. Evol Comput 25:173\u2013204","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"9840_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakata M, Kovacs T, Takadama K (2014) A modified XCS classifier system for sequence labeling. In: 2014 Annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol 14, pp 565\u2013572","DOI":"10.1145\/2576768.2598352"},{"key":"9840_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-015-0127-9","volume":"8","author":"M Nakata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakata M, Kovacs T, Takadama K (2015) XCS-SL: a rule-based genetic learning system for sequence labeling. Evol Intell 8:133\u2013148","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"key":"9840_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqvi SS, Browne WN (2016) Adapting learning classifier systems to symbolic regression. In: IEEE congress on evolutionary computation (CEC) 2016, pp 2209\u20132216","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2016.7744061"},{"key":"9840_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein A, Maier R, Rosenbauer L, Hahner J (2020) XCS classifier system with experience replay, arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.05628","DOI":"10.1145\/3377930.3390249"},{"key":"9840_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7161(04)24011-1","volume":"24","author":"CD Sutton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sutton CD (2005) Classification and regression trees, bagging, and boosting. Handb Stat 24:303\u2013329","journal-title":"Handb Stat"},{"key":"9840_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takadama K, Yamazaki D, Nakata M, Sato H (2019) Complex-valued-based learning classifier system for POMDP environments, pp 1852\u20131859","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2019.8790083"},{"key":"9840_CR28","first-page":"110","volume":"13","author":"J Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan J, Moore J, Urbanowicz R (2013) Rapid rule compaction strategies for global knowledge discovery in a supervised learning classifier system. Artif Life Conf Proc 13:110\u2013117","journal-title":"Artif Life Conf Proc"},{"key":"9840_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-55007-6","volume-title":"Introduction to learning classifier systems","author":"RJ Urbanowicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Browne WN (2017) Introduction to learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"9840_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Moore JH (2010) The application of michigan-style learning classifiersystems to address genetic heterogeneity and epistasisin association studies. In: Proccedings of the 12th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol 12, pp 195\u2013202","DOI":"10.1145\/1830483.1830518"},{"key":"9840_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-015-0128-8","volume":"8","author":"RJ Urbanowicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Moore JH (2015) ExSTraCS 2.0: description and evaluation of a scalable learning classifier system. Evol Intell 8:89\u2013116","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"key":"9840_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Granizo-Mackenzie A, Moore JH (2012) An analysis pipeline with statistical and visualization-guided knowledge discovery for michigan-style learning classifier systems","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2012.2215124"},{"key":"9840_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Granizo-Mackenzie A, Moore JH (2012) Instance-linked attribute tracking and feedback for michigan-style supervised learning classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on genetic and evolutionary computation, vol. 14, pp 927\u2013934","DOI":"10.1145\/2330163.2330291"},{"key":"9840_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001574","volume":"20","author":"RJ Urbanowicz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Andrew AS, Karagas MR, Moore JH (2013) Role of genetic heterogeneity and epistasis in bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome: a learning classifier system approach. J Am Med Inform Assoc 20:603\u2013612","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"9840_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson SW (1999) State of XCS classifier system research. In: International workshop on learning classifier systems, pp 63\u201381","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0_3"},{"key":"9840_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wyatt D, Bull L, Parmee IC (2004) Building compact rulesets for describing continuous-valued problem spaces using a learning classifier system. In: Adaptive computing in design and manufacture VI, pp 235\u2013246","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-338-1_20"}],"container-title":["Natural Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T13:44:48Z","timestamp":1654609488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11047-020-09840-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-7818","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}