{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:11:21Z","timestamp":1778692281710,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:41:41Z","timestamp":1778348501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of different types of rocks and ores using cellular automata assisted CNN models: an application of mining Industry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Soumyadeep","family":"Paty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supreeti","family":"Kamilya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10073_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley GH, Cheney MG, Galloway JJ, Gould CN, Hares CJ, Howell BF (1933) Representing the Association of American State Geologists, the United States Geological Survey, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, and the Geological Society of America, on the Committee on Stratigraphic Nomenclature. Classification and nomenclature of rock units. Bull Geol Soc Am, 44(2), 423\u2013459","DOI":"10.1130\/GSAB-44-423"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03706-0","volume":"15","author":"K Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai K, Zhang Z, Jin S, Dai S (2025) Rock image classification based on improved EfficientNet. Sci Rep 15(1):18683","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10073_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01239496","volume":"6","author":"N Barton","year":"1974","unstructured":"Barton N, Lien R, Lunde JJRM (1974) Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mech 6:189\u2013236","journal-title":"Rock Mech"},{"key":"10073_CR4","unstructured":"Batty M (2000) Geocomputation using cellular automata. Geocomputation. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 95\u2013126"},{"issue":"3","key":"10073_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(99)00015-0","volume":"23","author":"M Batty","year":"1999","unstructured":"Batty M, Xie Y, Sun Z (1999) Modeling urban dynamics through GIS-based cellular automata. Comput Environ Urban Syst 23(3):205\u2013233","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.04.003","volume":"12","author":"J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J, Yang T, Zhang D, Huang H, Tian Y (2021) Deep learning based classification of rock structure of tunnel face. Geosci Front 12(1):395\u2013404","journal-title":"Geosci Front"},{"key":"10073_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng G, Guo W (2017) Rock images classification by using deep convolution neural network. J Phys: Conf Series, IOP Publishing, 012089","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/887\/1\/012089"},{"key":"10073_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng G, Cahill LW (1993), An adaptive Gaussian filter for noise reduction and edge detection. In 1993 IEEE conference record nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference (pp. 1615\u20131619). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.1993.373563"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.54216\/JCIM.060102","volume":"6","author":"AA Elngar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elngar AA, Arafa M, Fathy A, Moustafa B, Mahmoud O, Shaban M, Fawzy N (2021) Image classification based on CNN: a survey. J Cybersecur Inform Manage 6(1):18\u201350","journal-title":"J Cybersecur Inform Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2009.2033566","volume":"40","author":"PG Espejo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Espejo PG, Ventura S, Herrera F (2009) A survey on the application of genetic programming to classification. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernetics Part C (Applications Reviews) 40(2):121\u2013144","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernetics Part C (Applications Reviews)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10073_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2004.10.010","volume":"26","author":"J Fan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fan J, Zeng G, Body M, Hacid MS (2005) Seeded region growing: an extensive and comparative study. Pattern Recognit Lett 26(8):1139\u20131156","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"10073_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2024.106045","volume":"168","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez A, Segarra P, Sanchidri\u00e1n JA, Navarro R (2024) Ore\/waste identification in underground mining through geochemical calibration of drilling data using machine learning techniques. Ore Geol Rev 168:106045","journal-title":"Ore Geol Rev"},{"key":"10073_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao W, Zhang X, Yang L, Liu H (2010), July An improved Sobel edge detection. In 2010 3rd International conference on computer science and information technology (Vol. 5, pp. 67\u201371). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSIT.2010.5563693"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020196","volume":"11","author":"O Ghorbanzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghorbanzadeh O, Blaschke T, Gholamnia K, Meena SR, Tiede D, Aryal J (2019) Evaluation of different machine learning methods and deep-learning convolutional neural networks for landslide detection. Remote Sens 11(2):196","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"10073_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.09.008","volume":"42","author":"PV Gorsevski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorsevski PV, Onasch CM, Farver JR, Ye X (2012) Detecting grain boundaries in deformed rocks using a cellular automata approach. Comput Geosci 42:136\u2013142","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"key":"10073_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang J, Lee J (2022) Classification of Rock Core Sensing Images Using Convolutional Neural Network Methods. Sens Mater 34: 4827\u20134839","DOI":"10.18494\/SAM3970"},{"key":"10073_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuva J, Jooshaki M, Jolis EM, Sammalj\u00e4rvi J, Siitari-Kauppi M, Jankovsk\u00fd F, Zuna M, Bischoff A, Sardini P (2025) Characterizing heterogeneous rocks in 3D with a multimodal deep learning approach\u2013Implications for transport simulations. Tomography of Materials and Structures, 7, p.100055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmater.2025.100055"},{"key":"10073_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21804","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968515","volume":"8","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang H, Jing H, Shao A, Wang L (2020) Research on intelligent identification of rock types based on faster R-CNN method. Ieee Access 8:21804\u201321812","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"issue":"16","key":"10073_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163258","volume":"13","author":"A Lobo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lobo A, Garcia E, Barroso G, Mart\u00ed D, Fernandez-Turiel JL, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Insa J (2021) Machine learning for mineral identification and ore estimation from hyperspectral imagery in tin\u2013tungsten deposits: simulation under indoor conditions. Remote Sens 13(16):3258","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"4","key":"10073_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1070-120","volume":"223","author":"M Gardner","year":"1970","unstructured":"M Gardner (1970) The Fantastic Combinations of John H. Conway\u2019s New Solitaire Game \u2018Life\u2019. Sci Am 223(4):120\u2013123. www.jstor.org\/stable\/24927642","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10073_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paty S, Kamilya S (2022a), June Identification of Rock Images in Mining Industry: An Application of Deep Learning Technique. In International Conference on Advances in Data Science and Computing Technologies (pp. 235\u2013242). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-3656-4_24"},{"key":"10073_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paty S, Kamilya S (2022b), March Grade estimation of mineral resources: an application of cellular automata. In Asian Symposium on Cellular Automata Technology (pp. 45\u201354). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-0542-1_4"},{"key":"10073_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paty S, Kamilya S (2023) A Cellular Automaton-Based Technique for Estimating Mineral Resources. Complex Syst 32(2):101\u2013114","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.32.2.101"},{"key":"10073_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paty S, Adak S, Kamilya S (2023), March A cellular automata-based approach on assessment of thickness of stratified mineral deposits. In Asian Symposium on Cellular Automata Technology (pp. 105\u2013114). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-0688-8_9"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1086\/623788","volume":"39","author":"MA Peacock","year":"1931","unstructured":"Peacock MA (1931) Classification of igneous rock series. J Geol 39(1):54\u201367","journal-title":"J Geol"},{"key":"10073_CR27","unstructured":"Popovici A, Popovici D (2002) Cellular automata in image processing. In: Int. Symp. on the Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10073_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(79)90320-2","volume":"58","author":"CM Powell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Powell CM (1979) A morphological classification of rock cleavage. Tectonophysics 58(1\u20132):21\u201334","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10073_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1109\/34.761261","volume":"21","author":"T Randen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Randen T, Husoy JH (1999) Filtering for texture classification: A comparative study. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(4):291\u2013310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020731","volume":"14","author":"R Rodriguez-Guillen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Guillen R, Kern J, Urrea C (2024) Fast rock detection in visually contaminated mining environments using machine learning and deep learning techniques. Appl Sci 14(2):731","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10073_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Zaliz R, Reinoso-Gordo JF (2018) An updated review on watershed algorithms. Soft Comput Sustain Sci 358:235\u2013258","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62359-7_12"},{"issue":"3","key":"10073_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7763\/IJET.2016.V8.876","volume":"8","author":"JA Saif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saif JA, Hammad MH, Alqubati IA (2016) Gradient based image edge detection. Int J Eng Technol 8(3):153","journal-title":"Int J Eng Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10073_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2008.05.002","volume":"70","author":"EA Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silva EA, Ahern J, Wileden J (2008) Strategies for landscape ecology: An application using cellular automata models. Progress Plann 70(4):133\u2013177","journal-title":"Progress Plann"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2019.2916183","volume":"24","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun Y, Xue B, Zhang M, Yen GG (2019) Evolving deep convolutional neural networks for image classification. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 24(2):394\u2013407","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"10073_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1027","volume":"29","author":"X Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang X (2007) Laplacian operator-based edge detectors. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(5):886\u2013890","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10073_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01217347","volume":"96","author":"S Wolfram","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wolfram S (1984) Computation theory of cellular automata. Commun Math Phys 96(1):15\u201357","journal-title":"Commun Math Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10073_CR37","first-page":"333","volume":"34","author":"Z Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye Z, MingChao L, Shuai H (2018) Automatic identification and classification in lithology based on deep learning in rock images. Acta Petrologica Sinica 34(2):333\u2013342","journal-title":"Acta Petrologica Sinica"},{"key":"10073_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3287738","volume":"32","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao C, Qin B, Feng S, Zhu W, Sun W, Li W, Jia X (2023) Hyperspectral image classification with multi-attention transformer and adaptive superpixel segmentation-based active learning. IEEE Trans Image Process 32:3606\u20133621","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"10073_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng M, Xu J, Shen Y, Tian C, Li J, Fei L, Liu X (2022) Attention-based CNNs for image classification: A survey. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2171, No. 1, p. 012068). IOP Publishing","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2171\/1\/012068"}],"container-title":["Natural Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:19:35Z","timestamp":1778689175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11047-026-10073-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-7818","1572-9796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-7818","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}