{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:49:19Z","timestamp":1783082959152,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photon Netw Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T07:13:17Z","timestamp":1675149197000},"page":"49-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["OTN-over-WDM optimization in 5G networks: key challenges and innovation opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Moubayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios Michael","family":"Manias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Javadtalab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuren","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Shami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"991_CR1","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union, Measuring digital development: facts and figures 2020. Technical report, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland (2020). https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Statistics\/Pages\/facts\/default.aspx"},{"key":"991_CR2","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union: Setting the Scene for 5G: Opportunities & Challenges. Technical report, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland (2018)"},{"key":"991_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covell, B., Liebhart, R.: Drivers and Motivation for 5G, 5G for the Connected World, pp. 1\u201334 (2019)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119247111.ch1"},{"issue":"12","key":"991_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.4.001033","volume":"4","author":"V Eramo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Sabella, R., Testa, F.: Definition and performance evaluation of a low-cost\/high-capacity scalable integrated OTN\/WDM switch. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4(12), 1033 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.4.001033","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"991_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.6.000138","volume":"6","author":"V Eramo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Sabella, R., Testa, F.: Integrated OTN\/WDM switching architecture equipped with the minimum number of OTN switches. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 6(2), 138 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.6.000138","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"8","key":"991_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.7.000761","volume":"7","author":"V Eramo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Lavacca, F.G., Testa, F., Sabella, R.: Performance evaluation of integrated OTN\/WDM metropolitan networks in static and dynamic traffic scenarios. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 7(8), 761 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.7.000761","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Lavacca, F., Iovanna, P.: Dimensioning of OTN\/WDM rings for the transport of ethernet\/CPRI flows in 5g scenario. In: 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) (2018), pp. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473863","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473863"},{"key":"991_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katib, I., Medhi, D.: A network optimization model for multi-layer IP\/MPLS over OTN\/DWDM networks. In: International Workshop on IP Operations and Management, pp. 180\u2013185. Springer (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04968-2_17"},{"key":"991_CR9","unstructured":"Schmidt, A.: Integrated OTN switching virtualizes optical networks. Technical Report, Infonetics Research, California, United States (2012). https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/read\/49760130\/integrated-otn-switching-virtualizes-optical-networks-infinera"},{"key":"991_CR10","unstructured":"RS Tech, What is OTN, Is it Similar with ONT? Technical Report, Router-Switch, California, United States (2020). https:\/\/blog.router-switch.com\/2020\/07\/what-is-otn-is-it-similar-with-ont\/"},{"key":"991_CR11","unstructured":"Vaez-Ghaemi, R.: Next-generation optical transport networks. Technical Report, Viavi Solutions, California, United States (2015). https:\/\/www.viavisolutions.com\/en-us\/literature\/next-generation-optical-transport-networks-white-papers-books-en.pdf"},{"key":"991_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cavalcante, J., Patel, A., Celestino, J.: Performance management of optical transport networks through time series forecasting, In: 2017 IEEE 31st international conference on advanced information networking and applications (AINA), pp. 152\u2013159 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AINA.2017.117","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2017.117"},{"key":"991_CR13","unstructured":"Alcatel-Lucent, Multi-layer network optimization: a pragmatic approach for delivering better quality at lower cost. Technical Report, Alcatel-Lucent, Paris, France (2013). https:\/\/www.tmcnet.com\/tmc\/whitepapers\/documents\/whitepapers\/2014\/10741-multi-layer-network-optimization.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"991_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8133","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2925393","volume":"68","author":"M Erel-\u00d6z\u00e7evik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erel-\u00d6z\u00e7evik, M., Canberk, B.: Road to 5G reduced-latency: a software defined handover model for EMBB services. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(8), 8133 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2019.2925393","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"991_CR15","unstructured":"Ericsson, Ericsson mobility report. Technical Report, Ericsson, Stockholm, Sweden (2020). https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/4adc87\/assets\/local\/mobility-report\/documents\/2020\/november-2020-ericsson-mobility-report.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"991_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.1500284WC","volume":"24","author":"Z Dawy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dawy, Z., Saad, W., Ghosh, A., Andrews, J.G., Yaacoub, E.: Toward massive machine type cellular communications. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 24(1), 120 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWC.2016.1500284WC","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"991_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2710185","volume":"65","author":"J Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo, J., Durrani, S., Zhou, X., Yanikomeroglu, H.: Massive machine type communication with data aggregation and resource scheduling. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(9), 4012 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2710185","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"991_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey, S.R., Alsenwi, M., Tun, Y.K., Hong, C.S.: A downlink resource scheduling strategy for urllc traffic. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp), pp. 1\u20136 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIGCOMP.2019.8679266","DOI":"10.1109\/BIGCOMP.2019.8679266"},{"key":"991_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Z., Uusitalo, M.A., Shariatmadari, H., Singh, B.: 5G URLLC: design challenges and system concepts. In: 2018 15th international symposium on wireless communication systems (ISWCS), pp. 1\u20136 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISWCS.2018.8491078","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2018.8491078"},{"key":"991_CR20","unstructured":"Stein, Y., Gittik, Y., Insler, R.: Everything You Need To Know About 5G xHaul. Technical Report, RAD, New Jersey, USA (2020). https:\/\/www.rad.com\/resources\/white-papers\/everything-you-need-know-about-5g-xhaul"},{"key":"991_CR21","unstructured":"3GPP, TR 21.915. Technical Report, 3GPP (2018). https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3389"},{"issue":"11","key":"991_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000230","volume":"58","author":"G Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, G., Huang, Y., Chen, Z., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Li, N.: 5G deployment: standalone vs. non-standalone from the operator perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 58(11), 83 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000230","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"991_CR23","unstructured":"Olli Andersson, Benetel, Functional splits: the foundation of an open 5G RAN. Technical Report, 5G Technology World (2021). https:\/\/www.5gtechnologyworld.com\/functional-splits-the-foundation-of-an-open-5g-ran\/"},{"key":"991_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzara, M., Bucchiarone, A., Dragoni, N., Rivera, V.: Size matters: microservices research and applications, In: Microservices, pp. 29\u201342, Springer (2020),","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31646-4_2"},{"key":"991_CR25","unstructured":"Brown, G.: Service-based architecture for 5G core networks. Technical Report, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. (2017)"},{"key":"991_CR26","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union, ITU-T G.709: Optical Transport Networks. Technical Report, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland (2010). https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-G.709\/en"},{"key":"991_CR27","unstructured":"Gorshe, S.: A tutorial on ITU-T G.709 optical transport networks (OTN). Technical Report, PMC-Sierra (2010). https:\/\/www.all-electronics.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/migrated\/article-pdf\/85811\/417-2081250-otn-tutorial-053751.pdf"},{"key":"991_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, D.: Odu\/oduk\u2014optical data unit (2016)","DOI":"10.2175\/193864716819713439"},{"key":"991_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph, V., Mulugu, S.: 6-emerging trends in packet optical convergence. In: Network Convergence, Joseph, V., Mulugu S. (eds.), pp. 525\u2013552. Morgan Kaufmann, Boston (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-397877-6.00006-0. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780123978776000060","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397877-6.00006-0"},{"key":"991_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, L.: Optical service unit (osu)-based next generation optical transport network (ng otn) technology and verification. In: MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 336, p. 04014. EDP Sciences (2021)","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/202133604014"},{"key":"991_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, J.: All optical service network for f5g. In: 2021 IEEE 21st International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), pp. 710\u2013714 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCT52962.2021.9657914","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT52962.2021.9657914"},{"key":"991_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Wang, Y., Chi, H., Yuan, D.: Transmission delay in optical fiber communication system of power transmission and transformation. In: International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Intelligence, pp. 50\u201357. Springer (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79197-1_7"},{"issue":"2","key":"991_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3099726","volume":"40","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, X.: Enabling optical network technologies for 5G and beyond. J. Lightwave Technol. 40(2), 358 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2021.3099726","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"991_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.427631","volume":"8","author":"BJ Puttnam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puttnam, B.J., Rademacher, G., Lu\u00eds, R.S.: Space-division multiplexing for optical fiber communications. Optica 8(9), 1186 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OPTICA.427631","journal-title":"Optica"},{"issue":"4","key":"991_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2009.2039464","volume":"28","author":"RJ Essiambre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Essiambre, R.J., Kramer, G., Winzer, P.J., Foschini, G.J., Goebel, B.: Capacity limits of optical fiber networks. J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2009.2039464","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"991_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2799380","volume":"36","author":"D Soma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soma, D., Wakayama, Y., Beppu, S., Sumita, S., Tsuritani, T., Hayashi, T., Nagashima, T., Suzuki, M., Yoshida, M., Kasai, K., Nakazawa, M., Takahashi, H., Igarashi, K., Morita, I., Suzuki, M.: 1016-Peta-B\/s dense SDM\/WDM transmission over 6-mode 19-core fiber across the c+l band. J. Lightwave Technol. 36(6), 1362 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2018.2799380","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"991_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3064641","volume":"39","author":"EE Moghaddam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moghaddam, E.E., Beyranvand, H., Salehi, J.A.: Resource allocation in space division multiplexed elastic optical networks secured with quantum key distribution. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 39(9), 2688 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3064641","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"991_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102887","volume":"174","author":"R Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, R., Samuel, A., Wang, P., Li, S., Oun, B.K., Li, L., Lv, P., Xu, M., Yu, S.: Protected resource allocation in space division multiplexing-elastic optical networks with fluctuating traffic. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 174, 102887 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102887","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"991_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2012.12.110124","volume":"9","author":"I Katib","year":"2012","unstructured":"Katib, I., Medhi, D.: IP\/MPLS-over-OTN-over-DWDM multilayer networks: an integrated three-layer capacity optimization model, a heuristic, and a study. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 9(3), 240 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2012.12.110124","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"issue":"6","key":"991_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.09.008","volume":"36","author":"I Katib","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katib, I., Medhi, D.: Network protection design models, a heuristic, and a study for concurrent single-link per layer failures in three-layer networks. Comput Commun 36(6), 678 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.09.008","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"991_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Govardan, C., Sri Krishna\u00a0Chaitanya, K., Naik, B.\u00a0Krishna Kumar, Rao, D.S. Shreesha, Jagadeesh, C., Gowrishankar, R., Sai, S.\u00a0Siva Sankara., Beherey, P., Kishorez, B.S.: A heuristic algorithm for network optimization of OTN over DWDM network. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommuncations Systems (ANTS), pp. 1\u20136 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ANTS.2015.7413606","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2015.7413606"},{"key":"991_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zefreh, M.S., Tizghadam, A., Leon-Garcia, A., Elbiaze, H., Miron, W.: Capex optimization in multi-chassis multi-rate IP\/optical networks. In: 2016 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), pp. 1\u20136 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCNC.2016.7440611","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2016.7440611"},{"issue":"3","key":"991_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000183","volume":"10","author":"P Papanikolaou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, P., Christodoulopoulos, K., Varvarigos, E.: Optimization techniques for incremental planning of multilayer elastic optical networks. IEEE\/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 10(3), 183 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.10.000183","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16226","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894396","volume":"7","author":"C Xing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xing, C., Addie, R.G., Peng, Y., Lin, R., Li, F., Hu, W., Abramov, V.M., Zukerman, M.: Resource provisioning for a multi-layered network. IEEE Access 7, 16226 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894396","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"991_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moniz, D., Pedro, J., Pires, J.: Multi-layer network optimization efficiently exploiting real-time performance monitoring. In: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1\u20136 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013474","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013474"},{"key":"991_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"da\u00a0Silva, J.C., Bastos-Filho, C.J.A., Almeida-J\u00fanior, R.C., Chaves, D.A.R., Ara\u00fajo, D.R.B., Xavier, A.V.S., Martins-Filho, J.F.: OTN network planning over DWDM using computational intelligence. In: 2019 21st International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), pp. 1\u20134 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICTON.2019.8840191","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2019.8840191"},{"key":"991_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2020.102426","volume":"61","author":"AVS Xavier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xavier, A.V.S., da Silva, J.C., Martins-Filho, J.F., Bastos-Filho, C.J.A., Chaves, D.A.R., Almeida-J\u00fanior, R.C., Araujo, D.R.B., Martins, J.A.: Heuristic planning algorithm for sharing restoration interfaces in OTN over DWDM networks. Opt. Fiber Technol. 61, 102426 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yofte.2020.102426","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"991_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2020.02007","volume":"20","author":"BQ de Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Oliveira, B.Q., de Sousa, M.A., Vieira, F.H.T.: Firefly algorithm based optimization model for planning of optical transport networks. Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng. 20(2), 55 (2020)","journal-title":"Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"991_CR49","first-page":"243","volume":"35","author":"BQ de Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Oliveira, B.Q., de Sousa, M.A., Vieira, F.H.T.: A hybrid firefly-genetic algorithm for planning of optical transport networks. J. Commun. Inf. Syst. 35(1), 243 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Commun. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"991_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oki, E., Chatterjee, B.C.: Design and control in elastic optical networks: issues, challenges, and research directions. In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), pp. 546\u2013549 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCNC.2017.7876187","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2017.7876187"},{"issue":"7","key":"991_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2793464","volume":"36","author":"R Casellas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casellas, R., Mart\u00ednez, R., Vilalta, R., Mu\u00f1oz, R.: Control, management, and orchestration of optical networks: Evolution, trends, and challenges. J. Lightwave Technol. 36(7), 1390 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2018.2793464","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"991_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-opt.2016.0150","volume":"11","author":"D Dahan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahan, D., Mahlab, U.: Security threats and protection procedures for optical networks. IET Optoelectron. 11(5), 186 (2017)","journal-title":"IET Optoelectron."},{"key":"991_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2018.11.002","volume":"33","author":"D King","year":"2019","unstructured":"King, D., Farrel, A., King, E.N., Casellas, R., Velasco, L., Nejabati, R., Lord, A.: The dichotomy of distributed and centralized control: Metro-haul, when control planes collide for 5g networks. Opt. Switch. Netw. 33, 49 (2019)","journal-title":"Opt. Switch. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR54","unstructured":"Open Network Foundation, SDN Architecture, Issue 1.1 - ONF TR-521. Technical Report, Open Network Foundation, California, United States (2016)"},{"key":"991_CR55","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Network functions virtualisation (NFV); Architectural framework. Technical Report, European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Sophia Antipolis, France (2014)"},{"key":"991_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castoldi, P., Fichera, S., Gharbaoui, M., Giorgetti, A., Martini, B., Paolucci, F.: Disaggregated optical network control and orchestration of heterogeneous domains. In: 2019 24th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and 2019 International Conference on Photonics in Switching and Computing (PSC), pp. 1\u20133 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/PS.2019.8817856","DOI":"10.23919\/PS.2019.8817856"},{"key":"991_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero, R., Pag\u00e8s, A., Agraz, F., Spadaro, S.: Supporting QoE\/QoS-aware end-to-end network slicing in future 5g-enabled optical networks. In: Metro and Data Center Optical Networks and Short-Reach Links II, vol. 10946,, p. 109460F. International Society for Optics and Photonics (2019)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2508579"},{"issue":"2","key":"991_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900583","volume":"58","author":"S Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, S., Guo, B., Liu, Y.: 5G-oriented optical underlay network slicing technology and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 58(2), 13 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900583","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"5","key":"991_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600935","volume":"55","author":"J Ordonez-Lucena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ordonez-Lucena, J., Ameigeiras, P., Lopez, D., Ramos-Munoz, J.J., Lorca, J., Folgueira, J.: Network slicing for 5g with SDN\/NFV: Concepts, architectures, and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(5), 80 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600935","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"991_CR60","unstructured":"Alliance, N.G.M.N.: Description of network slicing concept. Technical Report, Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, Frankfurt, Germany (2016)"},{"issue":"8","key":"991_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600921","volume":"55","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, X., Casellas, R., Landi, G., de la Oliva, A., Costa-Perez, X., Garcia-Saavedra, A., Deiss, T., Cominardi, L., Vilalta, R.: 5G-crosshaul network slicing: Enabling multi-tenancy in mobile transport networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(8), 128 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600921","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"991_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oladejo, S.O., Falowo, O.E.: 5G network slicing: a multi-tenancy scenario. In: 2017 Global Wireless Summit (GWS) (2017), pp. 88\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GWS.2017.8300476","DOI":"10.1109\/GWS.2017.8300476"},{"key":"991_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kapassa, E., Touloupou, M., Stavrianos, P., Kyriazis, D.: Dynamic 5G slices for IoT applications with diverse requirements. In: 2018 Fifth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security, pp. 195\u2013199 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IoTSMS.2018.8554386","DOI":"10.1109\/IoTSMS.2018.8554386"},{"issue":"1","key":"991_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A77","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000A77","volume":"10","author":"MR Raza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raza, M.R., Fiorani, M., Rostami, A., \u00d6hlen, P., Wosinska, L., Monti, P.: Dynamic slicing approach for multi-tenant 5G transport networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 10(1), A77 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107830","volume":"188","author":"M Golkarifard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Golkarifard, M., Chiasserini, C.F., Malandrino, F., Movaghar, A.: Dynamic VNF placement, resource allocation and traffic routing in 5G. Comput. Netw. 188, 107830 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"9","key":"991_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3066","volume":"27","author":"S Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, S., de la Oliva, A., Costa-P\u00e9rez, X., Di Giglio, A., Cavaliere, F., Dei\u00df, T., Li, X., Mourad, A.: 5G-crosshaul: an SDN\/NFV control and data plane architecture for the 5G integrated fronthaul\/backhaul. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 27(9), 1196 (2016)","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"991_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","volume":"18","author":"M Agiwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agiwal, M., Roy, A., Saxena, N.: Next generation 5G wireless networks: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 18(3), 1617 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor."},{"issue":"1","key":"991_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600181WC","volume":"24","author":"X Costa-Perez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costa-Perez, X., Garcia-Saavedra, A., Li, X., Deiss, T., de la Oliva, A., di Giglio, A., Iovanna, P., Moored, A.: 5G-crosshaul: an SDN\/NFV integrated fronthaul\/backhaul transport network architecture. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 24(1), 38 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600181WC","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"991_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2836315","volume":"20","author":"Z Zaidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaidi, Z., Friderikos, V., Yousaf, Z., Fletcher, S., Dohler, M., Aghvami, H.: Will SDN be part of 5G? IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 20(4), 3220 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2836315","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor."},{"key":"991_CR70","unstructured":"Janson, C.: Why OTN keeps trucking on. Available at: https:\/\/www.nokia.com\/blog\/why-otn-keeps-trucking-on\/ (2021). Accessed 14 Nov 2022"},{"key":"991_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furdek, M., Natalino, C., Schiano, M., Di\u00a0Giglio, A.: Experiment-based detection of service disruption attacks in optical networks using data analytics and unsupervised learning. In: Metro and data center optical networks and short-reach links II, vol. 10946, p. 109460D, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2019)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2509613"},{"key":"991_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, L., Moubayed, A., Shami, A.: Mth-ids: a multi-tiered hybrid intrusion detection system for internet of vehicles, IEEE Internet Things J. pp. 1\u20131 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3084796","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3084796"},{"key":"991_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buda, T.S., Assem, H., Xu, L., Raz, D., Margolin, U., Rosensweig, E., Lopez, D.R., Corici, M.I., Smirnov, M., Mullins, R. et\u00a0al.: Can machine learning aid in delivering new use cases and scenarios in 5G?. In: NOMS 2016-2016 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pp. 1279\u20131284. IEEE (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2016.7503003"},{"key":"991_CR74","unstructured":"ETSI, White paper: Zero-touch network and service management. Technical Report, ETSI (2017). https:\/\/portal.etsi.org\/TBSiteMap\/ZSM\/OperatorWhitePaper"},{"issue":"6","key":"991_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800341","volume":"33","author":"L Velasco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velasco, L., Piat, A.C., Gonzlez, O., Lord, A., Napoli, A., Layec, P., Rafique, D., D\u2019Errico, A., King, D., Ruiz, M., Cugini, F., Casellas, R.: Monitoring and data analytics for optical networking: Benefits, architectures, and use cases. IEEE Network 33(6), 100 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800341","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"991_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2018.06.001","volume":"30","author":"M Aibin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aibin, M.: Traffic prediction based on machine learning for elastic optical networks. Opt. Switch. Netw. 30, 33 (2018)","journal-title":"Opt. Switch. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinchoff, C., Chung, N., Gordon, T., Lyford, L., Aibin, M.: Traffic prediction in optical networks using graph convolutional generative adversarial networks. In: 2020 22nd International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), pp. 1\u20134 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICTON51198.2020.9203477","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON51198.2020.9203477"},{"key":"991_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tremblay, C., Aladin, S.: Machine learning techniques for estimating the quality of transmission of lightpaths. In: 2018 IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series (SUM), pp. 237\u2013238 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PHOSST.2018.8456791","DOI":"10.1109\/PHOSST.2018.8456791"},{"issue":"10","key":"991_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D84","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000D84","volume":"10","author":"RM Morais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morais, R.M., Pedro, J.: Machine learning models for estimating quality of transmission in DWDM networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 10(10), D84 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.10.000D84","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morais, R.M., Pedro, J.: Evaluating machine learning models for qot estimation. In: 2018 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), pp. 1\u20134 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473941","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473941"},{"issue":"1","key":"991_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A34","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.401915","volume":"13","author":"C Rottondi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rottondi, C., di Marino, R., Nava, M., Giusti, A., Bianco, A.: On the benefits of domain adaptation techniques for quality of transmission estimation in optical networks. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 13(1), A34 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOCN.401915","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR82","unstructured":"Ciena, Spark starts roll out of new faster, \u2018self healing\u2019 network technology. Technical Report, Ciena (2020). https:\/\/www.ciena.com\/about\/newsroom\/press-releases\/Spark-starts-roll-out-of-new-faster-self-healing-network-technology.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"991_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A144","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.402884","volume":"13","author":"M Furdek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furdek, M., Natalino, C., Di Giglio, A., Schiano, M.: Optical network security management: requirements, architecture, and efficient machine learning models for detection of evolving threats. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 13(2), A144 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"991_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moubayed, A., Injadat, M., Shami, A., Lutfiyya, H.: DNS typo-squatting domain detection: a data analytics & machine learning based approach. In: 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1\u20137 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647679","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647679"},{"key":"991_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moubayed, A., Aqeeli, E., Shami, A.: Ensemble-based feature selection and classification model for DNS typo-squatting detection. In: 2020 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), pp. 1\u20136 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCECE47787.2020.9255697","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE47787.2020.9255697"},{"key":"991_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moubayed, A., Aqeeli, E., Shami, A.: Detecting DNS typo-squatting using ensemble-based feature selection classification models D\u00e9tection du typosquattage DNS \u00e0 l\u2019aide de mod\u00e8les de s\u00e9lection et de classification bas\u00e9s sur un ensemble de caract\u00e9ristiques, IEEE Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 1\u201311 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICJECE.2021.3072008","DOI":"10.1109\/ICJECE.2021.3072008"},{"key":"991_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Injadat, M., Moubayed, A., Shami, A.: Detecting botnet attacks in IoT environments: an optimized machine learning approach. In: IEEE 32nd International Conference on Microelectronics (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM50269.2020.9331794"},{"key":"991_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moubayed, A., Injadat, M., Shami, A.: Optimized Random Forest Model for Botnet Detection Based on DNS Queries, in IEEE 32nd International Conference on Microelectronics (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICM50269.2020.9331819"},{"key":"991_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Injadat, M., Moubayed, A., Nassif, A.B., Shami, A.: Machine learning towards intelligent systems: applications, challenges, and opportunities, Artificial Intelligence Review pp. 1\u201350 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09948-w"},{"key":"991_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Injadat, M., Salo, F., Nassif, A.B., Essex, A., Shami, A.: Bayesian optimization with machine learning algorithms towards anomaly detection. In: 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1\u20136 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647714","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647714"},{"key":"991_CR91","unstructured":"Injadat, M., Moubayed, A., Nassif, A.B., Shami, A.: Multi-stage optimized machine learning framework for network intrusion detection, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management pp. 1\u201314 (2020)"},{"key":"991_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manias, D.M., Shami, A.: The need for advanced intelligence in NFV management and orchestration, IEEE Network (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000373"},{"issue":"3","key":"991_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000552","volume":"35","author":"DM Manias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manias, D.M., Shami, A.: Making a case for federated learning in the internet of vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Netw. 35(3), 88 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"991_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Shami, A.: A lightweight concept drift detection and adaptation framework for IoT data streams, IEEE Internet of Things Magazine (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.2100012"}],"container-title":["Photonic Network Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:33:42Z","timestamp":1744158822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11107-022-00991-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-974X","1572-8188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}