{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:46:08Z","timestamp":1779223568528,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006565","name":"University of Johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photon Netw Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The exponential increase in the demand for a fast and reliable wireless mobile network motivates the need for researchers to engage more actively in visible light communication (VLC) technology. This increase happens in parallel with the augmentation of the population to be accommodated. As a result, the radio frequency spectrum is overcrowded. VLCs, which are part of optical wireless communications, are unregulated ultra-wideband spectrums that offer an alternative to solve RF bandwidth exhaustion. The OWC has demonstrated, among others, a throughput of 100 Gbps and is capable of offloading large data traffic from RF networks. One of the VLC main backdrops is the distance for which light signals can be transmitted, which is generally short in nature. However, this is overcome by its combination with other technologies, such as fibre optics (FO) and laser technologies, to mention only a few, which form a cascaded system with VLC. The data offloaded is fed to the cascaded system of FO-VLC and laser-VLC. In this paper, we provide a comparative review of cascaded FO-VLC and laser-VLC systems. We survey the technology that can provide optimized communication and high bandwidth. The choice of cascaded system to be used or considered is dependent on the area of application. A comparison is conducted from the simulated results of both cascaded systems considering parameters such as the gain and throughput. The FO-VLC cascaded system shows that system gain always decreases as distance increases for a range of reflection coefficient,<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\rho$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03c1<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, and slightly decreases with attenuation coefficient,<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. The gain of the laser-VLC cascaded system decreases with an increase in transmission distance for a given range of floor and ceiling reflection coefficient and decreases slightly with attenuation intensity,<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\gamma$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. From our investigation, it is clear that FO-VLC and laser-VLC are outstanding optical cascaded systems, which can be exploited in applications with a harsh environment. This research also highlights standardization efforts, advanced modulation schemes and coding techniques so far for VLC, FO and laser system and their promising applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1686999731000},"page":"1-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Fibre optic-VLC versus laser-VLC: a review study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6376-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. C.","family":"Fon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Ndjiongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khmaies","family":"Ouahada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Abu-Mahfouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.821915","volume":"92","author":"AJ Paulraj","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paulraj, A.J., Gore, D.A., Nabar, R.U., Bolcskei, H.: An overview of MIMO communications-a key to gigabit wireless. Proc. IEEE 92(2), 198\u2013218 (2004)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2015.2400825","volume":"61","author":"J Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, J., Ding, W., Yang, F., Yang, H., Yu, B., Zhang, H.: An indoor broadband broadcasting system based on PLC and VLC. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 61(2), 299\u2013308 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"997_CR3","unstructured":"CiscoJ, CM.: Global mobile data traffic forecast update. Cisco visual networking index; 2016-2021 White Paper. (2017)"},{"key":"997_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:19990696","author":"KL Sterckx","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sterckx, K.L., Elmirghani, J.M.H., Cryan, R.A.: Pyramidal fly-eye detection antenna for optical wireless systems. IEEE Colloq. Opt. Wirel. Commun. (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/ic:19990696","journal-title":"IEEE Colloq. Opt. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"997_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1979.11508","volume":"67","author":"FR Gfeller","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gfeller, F.R., Bapst, U.: Wireless in-house data communication via diffuse infrared radiation. Proc. IEEE 67(11), 1474\u20131486 (1979)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"12","key":"997_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5673074","volume":"48","author":"M Kavehrad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kavehrad, M.: Sustainable energy-efficient wireless applications using light. IEEE Commun. Mag. 48(12), 66\u201373 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"72\u201374","key":"997_CR7","first-page":"79","volume":"36","author":"D Heatley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heatley, D., Wisely, D., Neild, I., Cochrane, P.: Optical wireless: the story so far. IEEE Commun. Mag. 36(72\u201374), 79 (1999)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"997_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0707-82","volume":"297","author":"MM Kavehrad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kavehrad, M.M.: Broadband room service by light. Sci. Am. SCI AMER 297, 82\u201387 (2007)","journal-title":"Sci. Am. SCI AMER"},{"key":"997_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndjiongue, A.R., Ferreira, H., Ngatched, T.: Visible light communications (VLC) technology. Wiley Encycl. Electr. Electron. Eng. pp. 1\u201315 (2015)","DOI":"10.1002\/047134608X.W8267"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1500672CM","volume":"55","author":"F Zafar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zafar, F., Bakaul, M., Parthiban, R.: Laser-diode-based visible light communication: toward gigabit class communication. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(1), 144\u2013151 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"997_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndjiongue, A.R., Ngatched, T., Dobre, O., Armada, A.: VLC-Based Networking: Feasibility and Challenges (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900428"},{"key":"997_CR12","unstructured":"IEEE draft standard for local and metropolitan area networks - Part 15.7: short-range optical wireless communications. IEEE P802.15.7\/D3, pp. 1\u2013412 (2018)"},{"key":"997_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2792419","author":"M Chowdhury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M., Hossan, M.T., Islam, A., Jang, Y.M.: A comparative survey of optical wireless technologies: architectures and applications. IEEE Access (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2792419","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"997_CR14","unstructured":"Singh, A., Srivastava, A., Bohara, V.A., Rao, G.S.V.: Outage and power saving analysis for hybrid cellular-visible light communication and direct cellular downlink. In: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)"},{"issue":"5","key":"997_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3098181","volume":"9","author":"SR Teli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teli, S.R., Chvojka, P., V\u00edtek, S., Zvanovec, S., Perez-Jimenez, R., Ghassemlooy, Z.: A SIMO hybrid visible-light communication system for optical IoT. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(5), 3548\u20133558 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"997_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, X., Chen, J., Zhong, Y., Chen, S., Yu, C.: Efficient dimming control with time domain hybrid modulation in indoor hybrid visible light\/infrared communication systems. In: Proceedings of the 24th IEEE OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and 2019 International Conference on Photonics in Switching and Computing (PSC), pp. 1\u20133 (2019)","DOI":"10.23919\/PS.2019.8817648"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.442787","volume":"14","author":"T Kamalakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamalakis, T., Ghassemlooy, Z., Zvanovec, S., Nero, Alves L.: Analysis and simulation of a hybrid visible-light\/infrared optical wireless network for IoT applications. J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 14(3), 69\u201378 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"997_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Huang, Z., Yi, X., Wang, H., Li, L., Lyu, S.: Improved proportional fairness algorithm in visible light communication\/WiFi hybrid networks. In: Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), pp. 1\u20133. Qufu, China (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN53177.2021.9563911"},{"key":"997_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndjiongue, AR., Ferreira, H.: An overview of outdoor visible light communications. Wiley Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 29 (2018)","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3448"},{"key":"997_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndjiongue, A.R., Ngatched, T., Ferreira, H.: Access Telecommunication Systems Using VLC Technology: Cascaded LD-LED Channel Analysis (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647946"},{"key":"997_CR21","unstructured":"Fon, R.C., Ndjiongue, A.R., Ouahada, K.: Cascaded optic fibre-visible light communications: channel model and analysis. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD)"},{"key":"997_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25230","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2831625","volume":"6","author":"SM Nlom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nlom, S.M., Ndjiongue, A.R., Ouahada, K.: Cascaded PLC-VLC channel: an indoor measurements campaign. IEEE Access 6, 25230\u201325239 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"997_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubjana, M.D., Shongwe, T., Ndjiongue, A.R.: Hybrid PLC-VLC based on ACO-OFDM. In: Proceedings of hte IEEE International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Computing Applications (ICONIC), pp. 1\u20135 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONIC.2018.8601240"},{"issue":"5","key":"997_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2906095","volume":"68","author":"S Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng, S., Bai, T., Hanzo, L.: Joint power allocation for the multi-user NOMA-downlink in a power-line-fed VLC network. IEEE Trans. Tehicular Technol. 68(5), 5185\u20135190 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Tehicular Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2745561","volume":"6","author":"A Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Sharma, N., Garg, P., Alouini, M.: Cascaded FSO-VLC communication system. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 6(6), 810\u2013813 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2018.2886645","volume":"11","author":"P Pesek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pesek, P., Zv\u00e1novec, S., Chvojka, P., Ghassemlooy, Z., Haigh, P.A.: Demonstration of a hybrid FSO\/VLC link for the last mile and last meter networks. IEEE Photonics J. 11(1), 1\u20137 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"issue":"10","key":"997_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2595561","volume":"20","author":"T Rakia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rakia, T., Yang, H., Gebali, F., Alouini, M.: Optimal design of dual-hop VLC\/RF communication system with energy harvesting. IEEE Commun. Lett. 20(10), 1979\u20131982 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"997_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.000553","volume":"10","author":"M Obeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obeed, M., Salhab, A.M., Zummo, S.A., Alouini, M.: Joint optimization of power allocation and load balancing for hybrid VLC\/RF networks. IEEE\/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 10(5), 553\u2013562 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2018.2849944","volume":"2","author":"A Khreishah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khreishah, A., Shao, S., Gharaibeh, A., Ayyash, M., Elgala, H., Ansari, N.: A Hybrid RF-VLC system for energy efficient wireless access. IEEE Trans. Gr. Commun. Netw. 2(4), 932\u2013944 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Gr. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"997_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Li, K., Liu, X., Kong, L.: Performance analysis of spectral efficiently adaptive modulation dft-spread polar coordinate-based ofdm in hybrid fiber-visible laser light communication system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 20th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), pp. 594\u2013598. Nanning, China (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT50939.2020.9295930"},{"key":"997_CR31","unstructured":"HS, D.: Vehicle Safety Communications Project Task 3 Final Report Identify Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications Enabled by DSRC (2005)"},{"key":"997_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, N., Bowen, A., Ware, J., Pontbriand, C., Tivey, M.: An Integrated, Underwater Optical\/Acoustic Communications system, pp. 1\u20136 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSSYD.2010.5603510"},{"key":"997_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng X.W., Chung WY.: VLC-based medical healthcare info0rmation system. Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun. 24 (2012)","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237212500123"},{"key":"997_CR34","unstructured":"Netsianda, R.E., Ouahada, K., Ndjiongue, AR.: A Comparative Study of Different Modulations for Visible Light Communications (2017)"},{"key":"997_CR35","first-page":"149","volume-title":"A Survey of Indoor Visible Light Communication Power Distribution and Color Shift Keying Transmission","author":"R Shaaban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaaban, R., Faruque, S.: A Survey of Indoor Visible Light Communication Power Distribution and Color Shift Keying Transmission, pp. 149\u2013153. Lincoln, Dearborn (2017)"},{"key":"997_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y., Ding, L., He, Y., Zhu, H., Wang, Y.: Analysis of space shift keying modulation applied to visible light communications. In: Proceedings of the IET International Conference on Information and Communications Technologies, Beijing, China, pp. 503\u2013507 (2013)","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2013.0093"},{"key":"997_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, AF., Aly, O.A.M., Mohammed, U.S.: High efficiency modulation technique for visible light communication (VLC). In: Proceedings of the IEEE 36th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), pp. 100\u2013107. Port Said, Egypt (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2019.8734568"},{"key":"997_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliaberi, A., Sofotasios, P.C., Muhaidat, S.: Modulation schemes for visible light communications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), pp. 1\u201310. Rabat, Morocco (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/COMMNET.2019.8742376"},{"issue":"7","key":"997_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5220","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2868022","volume":"66","author":"MLG Salmento","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salmento, M.L.G., Soares, G.M., Alonso, J.M., Braga, H.A.C.: A dimmable offline LED driver with OOK-M-FSK modulation for VLC applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 66(7), 5220\u20135230 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"997_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sindhubala, K., Vijayalakshmi, B.: Design and performance analysis of visible light communication system through simulation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT), pp. 215\u2013220 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCT2.2015.7292748"},{"key":"997_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P.K., Sengupta, J.: Design and evaluation of wireless transceiver for visible light communication. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), pp. 1\u20134 (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2018.8494179"},{"key":"997_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, CS.: Emerging Technology for Fiber-Optic Data Communication, pp. 631\u2013651 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012374216-2.50036-3"},{"key":"997_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaw, S., Shin, C.: An Overview for Recent Development in Tunable Fiber Lasers 07\u201310 May, pp. 1\u20132 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNE.2014.6839388"},{"key":"997_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.9790\/2834-0841518","volume":"8","author":"S Jawla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jawla, S., Singh, R.: Different modulation formats used in optical communication system. IOSR J. Electron. Commun. Eng. 8, 15\u201318 (2013)","journal-title":"IOSR J. Electron. Commun. Eng."},{"issue":"13","key":"997_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2264878","volume":"31","author":"S Loquai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loquai, S., Kruglov, R., Schmauss, B., Bunge, C., Winkler, F., Ziemann, O., Hartl, E., Kupfer, T.: Comparison of modulation schemes for 10.7 Gb\/s transmission over large-core 1 mm PMMA polymer optical fiber. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(13), 2170\u20132176 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"997_CR46","unstructured":"Matsui, Y., Schatz, R., Carey, G., Sudo, T., Roxlo, C.: Direct modulation laser technology toward 50-GHz bandwidth. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference (ISLC), pp. 1\u20132. Kobe, Japan (2016)"},{"key":"997_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Zhang, J.K., Jin, J.: Linear space codes for indoor MIMO visible light communications with ML detection. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Communications and Networking in China (ChinaCom), pp. 142\u2013147 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CHINACOM.2015.7497926"},{"key":"997_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuda, K., Kamakura, K., Yamazato, T.: Spatial modulation in layered space-time coding for image-sensor-based visible light communication. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pp. 1\u20136 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7794763"},{"key":"997_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amano, Y., Kamakura, K., Yamazato, T.: Alamouti-type coding for visible light communication based on direct detection using image sensor. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 2430\u20132435 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2013.6831438"},{"key":"997_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebihara, K., Kamakura, K., Yamazato, T.: Spatially-modulated space-time coding in visible light communications using 2 $$\\times$$ 2 LED array. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), pp. 320\u2013323 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/APCCAS.2014.7032784"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR51","first-page":"529","volume":"66","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J.: Training receivers for repetition-coded MISO outdoor visible light communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 66(1), 529\u2013540 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"997_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alwarafy, A., Alresheedi, M., Abas, A.F., Alsanie, A.: Performance evaluation of space time coding techniques for indoor visible light communication systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM), pp. 88\u201393 (2018)","DOI":"10.23919\/ONDM.2018.8396112"},{"key":"997_CR53","unstructured":"Celik, Y., Akan, A.: Performance analysis of indoor mobile MIMO visible light communications. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU)"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5434378","volume":"48","author":"F Chang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang, F., Onohara, K., Mizuochi, T.: Forward error correction for 100 G transport networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 48(3), S48\u2013S55 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"997_CR55","first-page":"108","volume":"11","author":"M Minshid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minshid, M.: Error correction code in optical fiber. J. Eng. Dev. 11, 108\u2013119 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Eng. Dev."},{"key":"997_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahjalal, M., Islam, M.M., Hasan, M.K., Chowdhury, M.Z., Jang, Y.M.: Multiple access schemes for visible light communication. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Eleventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), pp. 115\u2013117. Zagreb, Croatia (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2019.8806085"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2603518","volume":"19","author":"H Kaushal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaushal, H., Kaddoum, G.: Optical communication in space: challenges and mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. Firstquarter 19(1), 57\u201396 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. Firstquarter"},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2329501","volume":"16","author":"MA Khalighi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalighi, M.A., Uysal, M.: Survey on free space optical communication: a communication theory perspective. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. Fourthquarter 16(4), 2231\u20132258 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. Fourthquarter"},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2020.3014216","volume":"12","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Ramachandrapura, S., Manattayil, J., Raghunathan, V.: Path-loss optimized indoor laser-based visible light communication system for variable link length gigabit-class communication. IEEE Photonics J. 12(4), 1\u201312 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"997_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borah, D.K., Boucouvalas, A., Davis, C., Hranilovic, S., Yiannopoulos, K.: A review of communication-oriented optical wireless systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2012-91"},{"key":"997_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, B.L., Israel, D.J.: Commercialization and standardization progress towards an optical communications Earth relay. In: IEEE Aerospace Conference, pp. 1\u20137 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2015.7118885"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.1985.1146274","volume":"3","author":"W Schumacher","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schumacher, W.: Standardization efforts in fiber optics. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 3(6), 950\u2013952 (1985)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."}],"container-title":["Photonic Network Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T13:42:43Z","timestamp":1729604563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11107-023-00997-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-974X","1572-8188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}