{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:44:24Z","timestamp":1778813064170,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photon Netw Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T22:05:11Z","timestamp":1751407511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance analysis of a UAV-integrated RIS-aided MRR-FSO system utilizing wavelength and time diversity techniques"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Amr G.","family":"AbdElKader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazutoshi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hossam M. H.","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, P.H., El-Shimy, M.A., Shalaby, H.M.H., Kheirallah, H.N.: FSO channel modelling and performance evaluation over dust combined with GG atmospheric turbulence. In: 2023 40th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), vol. 1, pp. 121\u2013130. IEEE, (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC58893.2023.10152973"},{"key":"1031_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbdElKader, A.G., Allam, A., Kato, K., Shalaby, H.M.H.: Performance enhancement of RIS-assisted MRR-UOWC systems using the spectral-power-efficient LQAM-MPPM. Opt. Commun., pp. 130444 (2024)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.130444"},{"key":"1031_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Chen, C., Wen, W., Liu, M., Fu, H.Y., Haas, H.: Optimization of surface configuration in IRS-aided MIMO-VLC: a ber minimization approach. IEEE Photon. J. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2024.3395894"},{"key":"1031_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapala, V.K., Zafaruddin, S.M.: Intelligent connectivity through RIS-assisted wireless communication: exact performance analysis with phase errors and mobility. IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh. (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3288161"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3205704","volume":"14","author":"D Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, D., Swaminathan, R.: Comprehensive performance analysis of hovering UAV-based FSO communication system. IEEE Photonics J. 14(5), 1\u201313 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"issue":"8","key":"1031_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6211","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3147823","volume":"21","author":"Q Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Guanjun, X., Zeng, Z., Zhang, N., Zhang, Q.: UAV-assisted RF\/FSO relay system for space-air-ground integrated network: a performance analysis. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 21(8), 6211\u20136225 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"1031_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Xu, G., Gao, M., Song, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W.: Performance analyses of RIS-assisted stochastic UAV mmWave relay communication system with moment matching estimation. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3365935"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2020.3036609","volume":"39","author":"G Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Bi, M., Chen, T., You, S., Zhou, X., Wang, T., Li, J., Geng, H.: Wavefront compensation with the micro corner-cube reflector array in modulating retroreflector free-space optical channels. J. Lightw. Technol. 39(5), 1355\u20131363 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"1031_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3167945","volume":"21","author":"MT Dabiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dabiri, M.T., Rezaee, M., Mohammadi, L., Javaherian, F., Yazdanian, V., Hasna, M.O., Uysal, M.: Modulating retroreflector based free space optical link for UAV-to-ground communications. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 21(10), 8631\u20138645 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"1031_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.128618","volume":"521","author":"S-J Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S.-J., Han, S.-K.: Estimation and performance analysis of multiple incident beam misalignment in spatial diversity based FSO transmissions. Opt. Commun. 521, 128618 (2022)","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"issue":"18","key":"1031_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7886","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187886","volume":"23","author":"Q Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Wen, W., Liu, M., Pengfei, D., Chen, C.: Energy-efficient unmanned aerial vehicle-aided visible light communication with an angle diversity transmitter for joint emergency illumination and communication. Sensors 23(18), 7886 (2023)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1031_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.11.006","volume":"410","author":"KA Balaji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balaji, K.A., Prabu, K.: Performance evaluation of FSO system using wavelength and time diversity over Malaga turbulence channel with pointing errors. Opt. Commun. 410, 643\u2013651 (2018)","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"1031_CR13","unstructured":"Li, Y.: Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications for unmanned aerial vehicles networks (2024)"},{"key":"1031_CR14","unstructured":"Kirubakaran, N.: Enhanced mobile broadband in 5 era: addressing demand for high-speed connectivity for the future of mobile data services (2024)"},{"key":"1031_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntabeni, U., Basutli, B., Alves, H., Chuma, J.: Device-level energy efficient strategies in machine type communications: power, processing, sensing, and RF perspectives. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3443920"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/computation7030033","volume":"7","author":"GK Varotsos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Varotsos, G.K., Nistazakis, H.E., Aidinis, K., Jaber, F., Rahman, K.K.M.: Transdermal optical wireless links with multiple receivers in the presence of skin-induced attenuation and pointing errors. Computation 7(3), 33 (2019)","journal-title":"Computation"},{"key":"1031_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126470","volume":"478","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Feng, W.: Performance study of wavelength diversity serial relay OFDM FSO system over exponentiated Weibull channels. Opt. Commun. 478, 126470 (2021)","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"1031_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Chen, J., He, C. and Jin, R.: Elevation and azimuth direction finding by two-element pattern reconfigurable antenna array. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation 70(3), 2261\u20132270 (2021). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3118820"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051682","volume":"69","author":"D Hongyang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hongyang, D., Zhang, J., Cheng, J., Ai, B.: Millimeter wave communications with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: performance analysis and optimization. IEEE Trans. Commun. 69(4), 2752\u20132768 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"1031_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3073981","volume":"25","author":"D Selimis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selimis, D., Peppas, K.P., Alexandropoulos, G.C., Lazarakis, F.I.: On the performance analysis of RIS-empowered communications over Nakagami-m fading. IEEE Commun. Lett. 25(7), 2191\u20132195 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"1031_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.36.002048","volume":"36","author":"X Luan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luan, X., Yue, P., Yi, X.: Scintillation index of an optical wave propagating through moderate-to-strong oceanic turbulence. JOSA A 36(12), 2048\u20132059 (2019)","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"1031_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbdElKader, A.G., Allam, A., Kato, K., Shalaby, H.M.H.: Performance enhancement of MRR underwater optical communications using LQAM-MPPM. In: 2022 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP), pp. 473\u2013476. IEEE (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACP55869.2022.10089065"},{"key":"1031_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3332838","volume":"4","author":"A Soranzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soranzo, A., Vatta, F., Comisso, M., Buttazzoni, G., Babich, F.: Explicitly invertible approximations of the Gaussian Q-function: a survey. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. 4, 3051\u20133101 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"1031_CR24","volume-title":"The H-function: Theory and Applications","author":"AM Mathai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mathai, A.M., Saxena, R.K., Haubold, H.J.: The H-function: Theory and Applications. Springer, Berlin (2009)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1031_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13071025","volume":"13","author":"N Ullah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullah, N., Zhao, R., Huang, L.: Recent advancement in optical metasurface: fundament to application. Micromachines 13(7), 1025 (2022)","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"issue":"9","key":"1031_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7677","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2686818","volume":"66","author":"Y Kaymak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaymak, Y., Rojas-Cessa, R., Feng, J., Ansari, N., Zhou, M.: On divergence-angle efficiency of a laser beam in free-space optical communications for high-speed trains. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 66(9), 7677\u20137687 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"1031_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.129891","volume":"549","author":"PH Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed, P.H., El-Shimy, M.A., Shalaby, H.M.H., Kheirallah, H.N.: Hybrid FSO\/RF system over proposed random dust attenuation model based on real-time data combined with G\u2013G atmospheric turbulence. Optics Communications 549, 129891 (2023)","journal-title":"Optics Communications"},{"issue":"21","key":"1031_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6746","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3108532","volume":"39","author":"AR Ndjiongue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ndjiongue, A.R., Ngatched, T.M.N., Dobre, O.A., Armada, A.G., Haas, H.: Analysis of RIS-based Terrestrial-FSO link over GG turbulence with distance and jitter ratios. J. Lightw. Technol. 39(21), 6746\u20136758 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"1031_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3077960","volume":"10","author":"AM Salhab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salhab, A.M., Yang, L.: Mixed RF\/FSO relay networks: RIS-equipped RF source vs RIS-aided RF source. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 10(8), 1712\u20131716 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."}],"container-title":["Photonic Network Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:20:54Z","timestamp":1757204454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11107-025-01031-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-974X","1572-8188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"1"}}