{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:28:29Z","timestamp":1776940109586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61671087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61962009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61962009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the BUPT Excellent Ph.D. Students Foundation","award":["CX2019232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2019232"]}]},{"name":"the High-quality and Cutting-edge Disciplines Construction Project for Universities in Beijing","award":["Internet Information, Communication University of China"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internet Information, Communication University of China"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2019XD-A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019XD-A02"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["2018BDKFJJ018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018BDKFJJ018"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["2019BDKFJJ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BDKFJJ010"]}]},{"name":"the Open Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Big Data","award":["2019BDKFJJ014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BDKFJJ014"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, China","award":["SKLMCC2020KF006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLMCC2020KF006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quantum Inf Process"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T02:02:52Z","timestamp":1605578572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A novel quantum blockchain scheme base on quantum entanglement and DPoS"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7202-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Long","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9761-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiu-Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kai-Guo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi-Xian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2915_CR1","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system (2008). https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf"},{"key":"2915_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"151","author":"G Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Proj Yellow Pap 151, 1\u201332 (2014)","journal-title":"Ethereum Proj Yellow Pap"},{"key":"2915_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atzei, N., Bartoletti, M., Cimoli, T.: A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok). In: International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust, pp. 164\u2013186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"2915_CR4","unstructured":"Shor, P.W.: Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In: Foundations of Computer Science, 1994 Proceedings, 35th Annual Symposium on. IEEE, Santa Fe, NM, USA (1994)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2915_CR5","first-page":"96","volume":"26","author":"RL Rivest","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rivest, R.L.: A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Commun. ACM 26(2), 96\u201399 (1978)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2915_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller V.S.: Use of elliptic curves in cryptography. In: Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques, pp. 417\u2013426. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1985)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39799-X_31"},{"issue":"177","key":"2915_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1987-0866109-5","volume":"48","author":"N Koblitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Koblitz, N.: Elliptic curve cryptosystems. Math. Comput. 48(177), 203\u2013209 (1987)","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"2915_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover L.K.: A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for estimating the median. In: Twenty-Eighth ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. ACM (1996)","DOI":"10.1145\/237814.237866"},{"issue":"2","key":"2915_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.325","volume":"79","author":"LK Grover","year":"1997","unstructured":"Grover, L.K.: Quantum mechanics helps in searching for a needle in a haystack. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(2), 325 (1997)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2915_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07449-z","volume":"563","author":"AK Fedorov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fedorov, A.K., Kiktenko, E.O., Lvovsky, A.I.: Quantum computers put blockchain security at risk. Nature 563, 465\u2013467 (2018)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2915_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.145","volume":"74","author":"N Gisin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., et al.: Quantum cryptography. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145\u2013195 (2001)","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"issue":"7813","key":"2915_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2401-y","volume":"582","author":"J Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin, J., Li, Y.-H., Liao, S.-K., et al.: Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres. Nature 582(7813), 501\u2013505 (2020)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2915_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2007.05.006","volume":"452","author":"P Busch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busch, P., Heinonen, T., Lahti, P.: Heisenberg\u2019s uncertainty principle. Phys. Rep. 452(6), 155\u2013176 (2007)","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"2915_CR14","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G.: An Update on quantum cryptography. In: Advances in Cryptology, Proceedings of CRYPTO \u201884, Santa Barbara, California, USA, August 19\u201322, 1984, Proceedings DBLP, pp. 475\u2013480 (1984)"},{"issue":"6920","key":"2915_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01289","volume":"421","author":"F Grosshans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grosshans, F., Van Assche, G., Wenger, J., et al.: Quantum key distribution using gaussian-modulated coherent states. Nature 421(6920), 238 (2003)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2915_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012311","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.70.012311","volume":"70","author":"FG Deng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Bidirectional quantum key distribution protocol with practical faint laser pulses. Phys. Rev. A 70(1), 012311 (2004)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"issue":"7705","key":"2915_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0066-6","volume":"557","author":"M Lucamarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z.L., Dynes, J.F., et al.: Overcoming the rate\u2013distance limit of quantum key distribution without quantum repeaters. Nature 557(7705), 400 (2018)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2915_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044305","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.044305","volume":"71","author":"C Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Li, Y.S., et al.: Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding. Phys. Rev. A 71(4), 044305 (2005)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2915_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-018-1925-7","volume":"17","author":"H Qin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin, H., Tang, W.K.S., Tso, R.: Establishing rational networking using the DL04 quantum secure direct communication protocol. Quantum Inf. Process. 17(6), 152 (2018)","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"2915_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.59.1829","volume":"59","author":"M Hillery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hillery, M., Bu\u017eek, V., Berthiaume, A.: Quantum secret sharing. Phys. Rev. A 59(3), 1829 (1999)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2915_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"052307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.052307","volume":"69","author":"L Xiao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Long, G.L., Deng, F.G., et al.: Efficient multiparty quantum-secret-sharing schemes. Phys. Rev. A 69(5), 052307 (2004)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2915_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-013-0665-y","volume":"13","author":"F Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, F., Qin, S.J., Su, Q.: An arbitrated quantum signature scheme with fast signing and verifying. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(2), 491\u2013502 (2014)","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"2915_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032348","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.77.032348","volume":"77","author":"GM Nikolopoulos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nikolopoulos, G.M.: Applications of single-qubit rotations in quantum public-key cryptography. Phys. Rev. A 77(3), 032348 (2008)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"2915_CR24","unstructured":"Jogenfors, J.: Quantum bitcoin: an anonymous and distributed currency secured by the no-cloning theorem of quantum mechanics (2016). arXiv:1604.01383"},{"issue":"3","key":"2915_CR25","first-page":"035004","volume":"3","author":"EO Kiktenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiktenko, E.O., Pozhar, N.O., Anufriev, M.N., et al.: Quantum-secured blockchain. Quantum. Sci. Technol. 3(3), 035004 (2018)","journal-title":"Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2915_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/quantum1010002","volume":"1","author":"D Rajan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajan, D., Visser, M.: Quantum blockchain using entanglement in time. Quantum Rep. 1(1), 3\u201311 (2019)","journal-title":"Quantum Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2915_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-018-1965-z","volume":"17","author":"A Behera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behera, A., Paul, G.: Quantum to classical one way function and its applications in quantum money authentication. Quantum Inf. Process. 17(8), 200 (2018)","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"2915_CR28","volume-title":"Bitcoin and quantum computing","author":"L Tessler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tessler, L., Byrnes, T.: Bitcoin and quantum computing. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Rochester (2018)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2915_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2904","volume":"10","author":"V Vedral","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vedral, V.: Quantum entanglement. Nat. Phys. 10(4), 256\u2013258 (2014)","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"issue":"5886","key":"2915_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/299802a0","volume":"299","author":"WK Wootters","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wootters, W.K., Zurek, W.H.: A single quantum cannot be cloned. Nature 299(5886), 802\u2013803 (1982)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2915_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(82)90084-6","volume":"92","author":"D Dieks","year":"1982","unstructured":"Dieks, D.: Communication by EPR devices. Phys. Lett. A 92(6), 271\u2013272 (1982)","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2915_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"048302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.048302","volume":"93","author":"V Chernyak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chernyak, V., Mukamel, S.: Effect of quantum collapse on the distribution of work in driven single molecules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(4), 048302 (2004)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"7198","key":"2915_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07127","volume":"453","author":"HJ Kimble","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kimble, H.J.: The quantum internet. Nature 453(7198), 1023 (2008)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2915_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14394-w","volume":"7","author":"L Gyongyosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gyongyosi, L., Imre, S.: Entanglement-gradient routing for quantum networks. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 14255 (2017)","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2915_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2786748","volume":"20","author":"L Gyongyosi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gyongyosi, L., Sandor, I., Hung, V.N.: A survey on quantum channel capacities. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 20(2), 1149\u20131205 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"6412","key":"2915_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaam9288","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9288","volume":"362","author":"S Wehner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wehner, S., David, E., Ronald, H.: Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead. Science 362(6412), eaam9288 (2018)","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Quantum Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T02:16:27Z","timestamp":1606788987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11128-020-02915-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-0755","1573-1332"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-0755","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1332","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"420"}}