{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:30:08Z","timestamp":1772119808103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01PQ17001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01PQ17001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Citation metrics have value because they aim to make scientific assessment a level playing field, but urgent transparency-based adjustments are necessary to ensure that measurements yield the most accurate picture of impact and excellence. One problematic area is the handling of self-citations, which are either excluded or inappropriately accounted for when using bibliometric indicators for research evaluation. Here, in favor of openly tracking self-citations we report on self-referencing behavior among various academic disciplines as captured by the curated Clarivate Analytics Web of Science database. Specifically, we examined the behavior of 385,616 authors grouped into 15 subject areas like Biology, Chemistry, Science and Technology, Engineering, and Physics. These authors have published 3,240,973 papers that have accumulated 90,806,462 citations, roughly five percent of which are self-citations. Up until now, very little is known about the buildup of self-citations at the author-level and in field-specific contexts. Our view is that hiding self-citation data is indefensible and needlessly confuses any attempts to understand the bibliometric impact of one\u2019s work. Instead we urge academics to embrace visibility of citation data in a community of peers, which relies on nuance and openness rather than curated scorekeeping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1584520093000},"page":"1157-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tracking self-citations in academic publishing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8728-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameni","family":"Kacem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin W.","family":"Flatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6656-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3413_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-010-0306-5","volume":"87","author":"C Bartneck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bartneck, C., & Kokkelmans, S. (2011). Detecting h-index manipulation through self-citation analysis. Scientometrics,87(1), 85\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-010-0306-5.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3413_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4033\/iee.2014.7.1.e","author":"S Cooke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cooke, S., & Donaldson, M. (2014). Self-citation by researchers: Narcissism or an inevitable outcome of a cohesive and sustained research program? Ideas in Ecology and Evolution. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4033\/iee.2014.7.1.e.","journal-title":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"3413_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180259","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.259","volume":"20","author":"H Cousijn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cousijn, H., Kenall, A., Ganley, E., Harrison, M., Kernohan, D., Lemberger, T., et al. (2018). A data citation roadmap for scientific publishers. Scientific Data,20(5), 180259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2018.259.","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"3413_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/publications5030020","volume":"5","author":"J Flatt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Flatt, J. W., Blassime, A., & Vayena, E. (2017). Improving the measurement of scientific success by reporting a self-citation index.\u00a0Publications,\u00a05,\u00a020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications5030020.","journal-title":"Publications"},{"issue":"3","key":"3413_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-007-1777-2","volume":"72","author":"JH Fowler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fowler, J. H., & Aksnes, D. W. (2007). Does self-citation pay? Scientometrics,72(3), 427\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-007-1777-2.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"7548","key":"3413_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/520429a","volume":"520","author":"D Hicks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hicks, D., Wouters, P., Waltman, L., de Rijcke, S., & Rafols, I. (2015). Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics. Nature,520(7548), 429\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/520429a.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"46","key":"3413_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507655102","volume":"102","author":"JE Hirsch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,102(46), 16569\u201316572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0507655102.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"3413_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000384","volume":"17","author":"JPA Ioannidis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ioannidis, J. P. A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2019). A standardized citation metrics author database annotated for scientific field. PLoS Biology,17(8), e3000384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000384.","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"3413_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). Tracking self-citations in academic publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2019.12.20.884031.","DOI":"10.1101\/2019.12.20.884031"},{"issue":"9","key":"3413_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0195773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195773","volume":"13","author":"S Mishra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mishra, S., Fegley, B. D., Diesner, J., & Torvik, V. I. (2018). Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. PLoS ONE,13(9), 0195773.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"3413_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195773","volume":"48","author":"M Seeber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seeber, M., Cattaneo, M., Meoli, M., & Malighetti, P. (2019). Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Research Policy,48(2), 478\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195773.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"3413_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-1716-2","volume":"77","author":"LA Zhivotovsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Krutovsky, K. V. (2008). Self-citation can inflate h-index. Scientometrics,77(2), 373\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-006-1716-2.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1616013812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-020-03413-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2019.12.20.884031","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}