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It has recently been suggested there may be increasing misrepresentation of research performance by individuals who self-cite inordinately to achieve scores and win rewards. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators\u2019 fields. We describe both a generic level of median self-referencing rates, common to most fields, and a graphical, distribution-driven assessment of excessive self-citation that demarcates a threshold not dependent on statistical tests or percentiles (since for some fields all values are within a central \u2018normal\u2019 range). We describe this graphical procedure for identifying exceptional self-citation rates but emphasize the necessity for expert interpretation of the citation profiles of specific individuals, particularly in fields with atypical self-citation patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03417-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T11:02:16Z","timestamp":1586516536000},"page":"1119-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["How much is too much? The difference between research influence and self-citation excess"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Szomszor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5074-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Pendlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7451","key":"3417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/497557a","volume":"497","author":"J Adams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams, J. 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