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In addition, the three highest-ranking journals from each JCR category were included in order to extend the analyses to non-medical journals. For the journals in these cohorts, the citation data (2018) of articles published in 2016 and 2017 classified as citable items (CI) were analysed using various descriptive approaches including e.g. the skewness, the Gini coefficient, and, the percentage of CI contributing 50% or 90% of the journal\u2019s citations. All of these measures clearly indicated an unequal, skewed distribution with highly-cited articles as outliers. The %CI contributing 50% or 90% of the journal\u2019s citations was in agreement with previously published studies with median values of 13\u201318% CI or 44\u201360% CI generating 50 or 90% of the journal\u2019s citations, respectively. Replacing the mean citation values (corresponding to the JIF) with the median to represent the central tendency of the citation distributions resulted in markedly lower numerical values ranging from \u2212\u200930 to \u2212\u200950%. Up to 39% of journals showed a median citation number of zero in one medical journal category. For the two medical cohorts, median-based journal ranking was similar to mean-based ranking although the number of possible rank positions was reduced to 13. Correlation of mean citations with the measures of citation inequality indicated that the unequal distribution of citations per journal is more prominent and, thus, relevant for journals with lower citation rates. By using various indicators in parallel and the hitherto probably largest journal sample, the present study provides comprehensive up-to-date results on the prevalence, extent and consequences of citation inequality across medical and all-category journals listed in the JCR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03812-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T15:03:54Z","timestamp":1608217434000},"page":"1249-1269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Citation inequality and the Journal Impact Factor: median, mean, (does it) matter?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Kiesslich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4145-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Beyreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8282-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0220-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Traweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS285","volume":"24","author":"R Adler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adler, R., Ewing, J., & Taylor, P. 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