{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:40:03Z","timestamp":1784594403755,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011781","name":"International Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disambiguation of authors in digital libraries is essential for many tasks, including efficient bibliographical searches and scientometric analyses to the level of individuals. The question of how to link documents written by the same person has been given much attention by academic publishers and information retrieval researchers alike. Usual approaches rely on publications\u2019 metadata such as affiliations, email addresses, co-authors, or scholarly topics. Lack of homogeneity in the structure of bibliographic collections and discipline-specific dissimilarities between them make the creation of general-purpose disambiguators arduous. We present an algorithm to disambiguate authorships in the Astrophysics Data System (ADS) following an established semi-supervised approach of training a classifier on authorship pairs and clustering the resulting graphs. Due to the lack of high-signal features such as email addresses and citations, we engineer additional content- and location-based features via text embeddings and named-entity recognition. We train various nonlinear tree-based classifiers and detect communities from the resulting weighted graphs through label propagation, a fast yet efficient algorithm that requires no tuning. The resulting procedure reaches reasonable complexity and offers possibilities for interpretation. We apply our method to the creation of author entities in a recent ADS snapshot. The algorithm is evaluated on 39 manually-labeled author blocks comprising 9545 authorships from 562 author profiles. Our best approach utilizes the Random Forest classifier and yields a micro- and macro-averaged BCubed<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathrm {F}_1$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>F<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msub><\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>score of 0.95 and 0.87, respectively. We release our code and labeled data publicly to foster the development of further disambiguation procedures for ADS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T20:51:41Z","timestamp":1618951901000},"page":"3893-3917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Disambiguation of author entities in ADS using supervised learning and graph theory methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Mihaljevi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3951_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Accomazzi, A. et\u00a0al. (July 2018). New ADS Functionality for the Curator. In European physical journal web of conferences (Vol. 186, p. 08001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/epjconf\/201818608001. arXiv: 1710.08505 [astro-ph.IM].","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201818608001"},{"key":"3951_CR2","unstructured":"Ackermann, M. R., & Reitz, F. (June 15, 2018). Homonym detection in curated bibliographies: Learning from dblp\u2019s Experience (full version). In: arXiv:1806.06017 [cs]. (visited on 10\/10\/2020)."},{"key":"3951_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amig\u00f3, E. et\u00a0al. (2009). A comparison of extrinsic clustering evaluation metrics based on formal constraints. In Information retrieval (Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 461\u2013486). ISSN: 1573-7659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10791-008-9066-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-008-9066-8"},{"key":"3951_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Backes, T. (2018). The impact of name-matching and blocking on author disambiguation. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management. CIKM \u201918 (pp. 803\u2013812). Torino, Italy: Association for Computing Machinery. ISBN: 9781450360142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3269206.3271699.","DOI":"10.1145\/3269206.3271699"},{"key":"3951_CR5","unstructured":"Bastrakova, E. et\u00a0al. (Nov. 2016). Relational machine learning author disambiguation. In 2016 IEEE artificial intelligence and natural language conference (AINL) (pp. 1\u20137)."},{"key":"3951_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caplar, Neven, Tacchella, Sandro, & Birrer, Simon (June 2017). Quantitative evaluation of gender bias in astronomical publications from citation counts. In Nature astronomy (Vol. 1, No. 0141, p. 0141). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41550-017-0141. arXiv: 1610.08984 [astro-ph.IM].","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-017-0141"},{"key":"3951_CR7","unstructured":"Caron, E. & van Eck, N. J. (Sept. 2014). Large scale author name disambiguation using rule-based scoring and clustering. In Context counts: Pathways to master big and little data. Science and technology indicators conference 2014 Leiden (pp. 79\u201386). Universiteit Leiden."},{"key":"3951_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cen, L. et\u00a0al. (2013). Author disambiguation by hierarchical agglomerative clustering with adaptive stopping criterion. In Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. SIGIR \u201913 (pp. 741\u2013744). Dublin, Ireland: ACM. ISBN: 978-1-4503-2034-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2484028.2484157.","DOI":"10.1145\/2484028.2484157"},{"issue":"5","key":"3951_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155320","volume":"11","author":"JH Chin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chin, J. H., & Ratnavelu, K. (2016). Detecting community structure by using a constrained label propagation algorithm. PLoS One, 11(5), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155320.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3951_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fan, X. et\u00a0al. (Feb. 2011). On graph-based name disambiguation. Journal of Data and Information Quality, 2(2), 1\u201323. ISSN: 1936-1955, 1936-1963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1891879.1891883. (visited on 10\/10\/2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/1891879.1891883"},{"key":"3951_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira, A. A., Gon\u00e7alves, M. A., & Laender, A. H. F. (Aug. 2012). A brief survey of automatic methods for author name disambiguation. In: SIGMOD Rec (Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 15\u201326). ISSN: 0163-5808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2350036.2350040.","DOI":"10.1145\/2350036.2350040"},{"key":"3951_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagberg, A. A., Schult, D. A., & Swart, P. J. (2008). Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. In G. Varoquaux, T. Vaught, & J. Millman (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th Python in science conference (pp. 11\u201315). Pasadena, CA USA.","DOI":"10.25080\/TCWV9851"},{"key":"3951_CR13","unstructured":"Huang, J., Ertekin, S., & Giles, C. L. (2006). Efficient name disambiguation for large-scale databases. In J. F\u00fcrnkranz, T. Scheffer, & M. Spiliopoulou (Eds.). Knowledge discovery in databases: PKDD 2006 (pp. 536\u2013544). Berlin: Springer. ISBN: 978-3- 540-46048-0."},{"key":"3951_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888917000182","volume":"32","author":"I Hussain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hussain, I., & Asghar, S. (2017). A survey of author name disambiguation techniques: 2010\u20132016. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 32, e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0269888917000182.","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"3951_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hussain, I., & Asghar, S. (Dec. 1, 2018). DISC: Disambiguating homonyms using graph structural clustering. Journal of Information Science, 44(6), 830\u2013847. ISSN: 0165-5515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165551518761011. (visited on 10\/10\/2020).","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551518761011"},{"key":"3951_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jadidi, M. et\u00a0al. (2018). Gender disparities in science? Dropout, productivity, collaborations and success of male and female computer scientists. Advances in Complex Systems, 21(3), 1750011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S0219525917500114. arXiv: 1704.05801.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525917500114"},{"key":"3951_CR17","unstructured":"Ke, G. et\u00a0al. (2017). LightGBM: A highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. In I. Guyon et\u00a0al. (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 30, pp. 3146\u20133154). Curran Associates, Inc. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2017\/file\/6449f44a102fde848669bdd9eb6b76fa-Paper.pdf."},{"key":"3951_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2865-9","volume":"117","author":"J Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2018). The impact of imbalanced training data on machine learning for author name disambiguation. Scientometrics, 117, 511\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-018-2865-9.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3951_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, J., & Kim, J. (2020). Effect of forename string on author name disambiguation. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(7), 839\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24298. eprint: https:\/\/asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/p.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24298"},{"key":"3951_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Louppe, G. et\u00a0al. (2016). Ethnicity sensitive author disambiguation using semi-supervised learning. In A. C. Ngonga Ngomo & P. K\u0159emen (Eds.), Knowledge engineering and semantic web. KESW 2016 (Vol. 649). Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-45880-9_21.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45880-9_21"},{"issue":"4","key":"3951_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/e22040416","volume":"22","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Wu, Y., & Lu, C. (2020). A graph based author name disambiguation method and analysis via information theory. Entropy, 22(4), 416. arXiv: 1710.085050.","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"3951_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mihaljevi\u0107, H., & Santamar\u00eda, L. (2020). Measuring and analyzing the gender gap in science through the joint data-backed study on publication patterns. In M. F. Roy & C. Guillop\u00e9 (Eds.), A global approach to the gender gap in mathematical, computing, and natural sciences. How to measure it, how to reduce it?. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3697223.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3697223"},{"issue":"10","key":"3951_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165367","volume":"11","author":"H Mihaljevi\u0107-Brandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mihaljevi\u0107-Brandt, H., Santamar\u00eda, L., & Tullney, M. (2016). The effect of gender in the publication patterns in mathematics. PLoS One, 11(10), 1\u201323. arXiv: 1710.085051.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3951_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milojevi\u0107, S. (2013). Accuracy of simple, initials-based methods for author name disambiguation. Journal of Informetrics, 7(4), 767\u2013773. ISSN: 1751-1577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2013.06.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2013.06.006"},{"key":"3951_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moed, H. F. & Halevi, G. (Dec. 1, 2014). A bibliometric approach to tracking international scientific migration. Scientometrics, 101(3), 1987\u20132001. ISSN: 1588-2861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-014-1307-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1307-6"},{"key":"3951_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M. -C., Reitz, F., & Roy, N. (June 2017). Data sets for author name disambiguation: An empirical analysis and a new resource. Scientometrics, 111(3), 1467\u20131500. ISSN: 1588-2861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-017-2363-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2363-5"},{"key":"3951_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Newman, M. E. J. (2004). Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration. In Proceedings of the national academy of sciences (Vol. 101, No. suppl 1, pp. 5200\u20135205). ISSN: 0027-8424, 1091-6490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0307545100. arXiv: 1710.085052.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307545100"},{"key":"3951_CR28","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., et al. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"3951_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.036106","volume":"76","author":"UN Raghavan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raghavan, U. N., Albert, R., & Kumara, S. (2007). Near linear time algorithm to detect community structures in large-scale networks. Physical Review E, 76(3), 036106. arXiv: 1710.085053.","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"3951_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., & Guestrin, C. (2016). Why should I trust you?: Explaining the predictions of any classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 1135\u20131144). San Francisco, CA, USA, August 13\u201317, 2016.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778"},{"key":"3951_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shin, D. et\u00a0al. (July 1, 2014). Author name disambiguation using a graph model with node splitting and merging based on bibliographic information. Scientometrics, 100(1), 15\u201350. ISSN: 1588-2861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-014-1289-4. (visited on 10\/10\/2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1289-4"},{"key":"3951_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smalheiser, N. R., & Torvik, V. I. (2009). Author name disambiguation. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 43(1), 1\u201343. ISSN: 0066-4200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aris.2009.1440430113.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2009.1440430113"},{"issue":"9","key":"3951_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22695","volume":"63","author":"A Strotmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strotmann, A., & Zhao, D. (2012). Author name disambiguation: What difference does it make in author-based citation analysis? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(9), 1820\u20131833. arXiv: 1710.085054.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"3951_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160ubelj, L. (2019). Label propagation for clustering. In Advances in network clustering and blockmodeling (pp. 121\u2013150). Wiley, Chap. 5. ISBN: 9781119483298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119483298.ch5.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119483298.ch5"},{"key":"3951_CR34","unstructured":"Sugimoto, C. R., Robinson-Garc\u00eda, N., & Costas, R. (2016). Towards a global scientific brain: Indicators of researcher mobility using co-affiliation data. Paper presented at the OECD Blue Sky III Forum on Science and Innovation Indicators, Ghent, September 19\u201321. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.06499."},{"key":"3951_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tkaczyk, D. et\u00a0al. (Apr. 2017). CeON\/CERMINE: CERMINE 1.13. Version cermine-parent-1.13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.569829.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.569829"},{"key":"3951_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Treeratpituk, P. & Giles, C. L. (2009). Disambiguating authors in academic publications using random forests. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM\/IEEE-CS joint conference on digital libraries. JCDL \u201909 (pp. 39\u201348). Austin, TX, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. ISBN: 9781605583228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1555400.1555408.","DOI":"10.1145\/1555400.1555408"},{"issue":"2","key":"3951_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0681-1","volume":"93","author":"J Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, J., et al. (2012). A boosted-trees method for name disambiguation. Scientometrics, 93(2), 391\u2013411. arXiv: 1710.085055.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3951_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, X. et\u00a0al. (Dec. 2011). ADANA: Active name disambiguation. In 2011 IEEE 11th international conference on data mining (ICDM) (pp. 794\u2013803). Vancouver, BC, Canada: IEEE. ISBN: 978-1-4577-2075-8 978-0-7695-4408-3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDM.2011.19. arXiv: 1710.085056 (visited on 10\/11\/2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2011.19"},{"key":"3951_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie, I. & Matusiak, K. K. (2016). Chapter 8\u2014User needs and search behaviors. In I. Xie & K. K. Matusiak (Eds.), Discover digital libraries (pp. 231\u2013253). Oxford: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-417112-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-417112-1.00008-9. arXiv: 1710.085057.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417112-1.00008-9"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T21:34:11Z","timestamp":1724880851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03951-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"LS has been employed by the Amazon Development Center Germany since 2016. This work has been done during a leave of absence from Amazon.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}