{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:25:35Z","timestamp":1769693135395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIDE17\/12252781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIDE17\/12252781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the last century, we observe a steady and exponential growth of scientific publications globally. The overwhelming amount of available literature makes a holistic analysis of the research within a field and between fields based on manual inspection impossible. Automatic techniques to support the process of literature review are required to find the epistemic and social patterns that are embedded in scientific publications. In computer sciences, new tools have been developed to deal with large volumes of data. In particular, deep learning techniques open the possibility of automated end-to-end models to project observations to a new, low-dimensional space where the most relevant information of each observation is highlighted. Using deep learning to build new representations of scientific publications is a growing but still emerging field of research. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potential and limits of deep learning for gathering insights about scientific research articles. We focus on document-level embeddings based on the semantic and relational aspects of articles, using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We explore the different outcomes generated by those techniques. Our results show that using NLP we can encode a semantic space of articles, while GNN we enable us to build a relational space where the social practices of a research community are also encoded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T20:02:22Z","timestamp":1621108942000},"page":"5881-5910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Semantic and relational spaces in science of science: deep learning models for article vectorisation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Kozlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-5278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Dusdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4228-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Zilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7451","key":"3984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/497557a","volume":"497","author":"J Adams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams, J. (2013). The fourth age of research. Nature, 497(7451), 557\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3984_CR2","unstructured":"Agarap, A. F. (2018). Deep learning using rectified linear units (relu). arXiv: 1803.08375."},{"key":"3984_CR3","unstructured":"Allingham, J. (2020). Latex-tikz-diagrams.github.com\/JamesAllingham\/LaTeXTikZ-Diagrams.github.com\/JamesAllingham\/LaTeX-TikZ-Diagrams."},{"key":"3984_CR4","volume-title":"Network science","author":"A-L Barab\u00e0si","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barab\u00e0si, A.-L. (2016). Network science. New York: Cambridge Uiversity Pess."},{"issue":"5","key":"3984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392114548640","volume":"62","author":"F Beigel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beigel, F. (2014). Introduction: Current tensions and trends in the world scientific system. Current Sociology, 62(5), 617\u2013625.","journal-title":"Current Sociology"},{"issue":"3731","key":"3984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3731.34","volume":"153","author":"R Bellman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bellman, R. (1966). Dynamic programming. Science, 153(3731), 34\u201337.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1214\/07-AOAS114","volume":"1","author":"DM Blei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blei, D. M., & Lafferty, J. D. (2007). A correlated topic model of science. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 1(1), 17\u201335.","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Statistics"},{"key":"3984_CR8","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. Journal of machine Learning research, 3, 993\u20131022.","journal-title":"Journal of machine Learning research"},{"key":"3984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051","volume":"5","author":"P Bojanowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Joulin, A., & Mikolov, T. (2007). Enriching word vectors with subword information. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5, 135\u2013146.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"3984_CR10","first-page":"4349","volume":"30","author":"T Bolukbasi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K.-W., Zou, J. Y., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. T. (2016). Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings. Proceedings of the 30th conference on neural information processing systems, 30, 4349\u20134357.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 30th conference on neural information processing systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02459289","volume":"40","author":"M Bonitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bonitz, M., Bruckner, E., & Scharnhorst, A. (1997). Characteristics and impact of the matthew effect for countries. Scientometrics, 40(3), 407\u2013422.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/esep00084","volume":"8","author":"L Bornmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bornmann, L., Mutz, R., Neuhaus, C., & Daniel, H.-D. (2008). Citation counts for research evaluation: Standards of good practice for analyzing bibliometric data and presenting and interpreting results. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics, 8(1), 93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics"},{"issue":"12","key":"3984_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21419","volume":"61","author":"KW Boyack","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyack, K. W., & Klavans, R. (2010). Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2389\u20132404.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2017.1375989","volume":"72","author":"KW Broman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broman, K. W., & Woo, K. H. (2018). Data organization in spreadsheets. The American Statistician, 72(1), 2\u201310.","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"3984_CR15","first-page":"77","volume":"81","author":"J Buolamwini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of machine learning research, 81, 77\u201391.","journal-title":"Proceedings of machine learning research"},{"issue":"6334","key":"3984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4230","volume":"356","author":"A Caliskan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J., & Narayanan, A. (2017). Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science, 356(6334), 183\u2013186.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3984_CR17","unstructured":"Clevert, D.-A., Unterthiner, T., & Hochreiter, S. (2016). Fast and accurate deep network learning by exponential linear units (ELUs). In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on learning representations, ICLR."},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-020-00500-x","volume":"80","author":"S Daenekindt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daenekindt, S., & Huisman, J. (2020). Mapping the scattered field of research on higher education. A correlated topic model of 17,000 articles 1991\u20132018. Higher Education, 80(3), 571\u2013587.","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/14761270030013002","volume":"1","author":"GF Davis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis, G. F., Yoo, M., & Baker, W. E. (2003). The small world of the american corporate elite, 1982\u20132001. Strategic Organization, 1(3), 301\u2013326.","journal-title":"Strategic Organization"},{"key":"3984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/pric91844","volume-title":"Little science, big science","author":"DJ de Solla Price","year":"1963","unstructured":"de Solla Price, D. J. (1963). Little science, big science. New York: Columbia University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03563-w","volume":"124","author":"M Demeter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demeter, M., & Toth, T. (2020). The world-systemic network of global elite sociology: The western male monoculture at faculties of the top one-hundred sociology departments of the world. Scientometrics, 124(3), 2469\u20132495.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR22","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pretraining of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of the conference of the north american chapter of the association of computational linguistics (pp. 4171-4186). Minneapolis, Minnesota."},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR23","first-page":"17","volume":"5","author":"P Erd\u00f6s","year":"1960","unstructured":"Erd\u00f6s, P., & R\u00e9nyi, A. (1960). On the evolution of random graphs. Institute of Mathematics. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 5(1), 17\u201360.","journal-title":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"3984_CR24","unstructured":"Fey, M., & Lenssen, J. E. (2019). Fast graph representation learning with PyTorch geometric. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on learning representations, ICLR."},{"key":"3984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortunato, S., Bergstrom, C. T., B\u00f6rner, K., Evans, J. A., Helbing, D., Milojevi\u0107, S., & Barab\u00e1si, A.-L. (2018). Science of science. Science, 359(6379).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao0185"},{"key":"3984_CR26","volume-title":"An r companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2018). An r companion to applied regression. United States: Sage publications."},{"key":"3984_CR27","unstructured":"Gao, H., & Ji, S. (2019). Graph u-nets. In Proceedings of machine learning research (Vol. 97, pp. 2083-2092). Long Beach, California, USA: PMLR."},{"issue":"4060","key":"3984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4060.471","volume":"178","author":"E Garfield","year":"1972","unstructured":"Garfield, E. (1972). Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. Science, 178(4060), 471\u2013479.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3984_CR29","volume-title":"Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities","author":"E Garfield","year":"1979","unstructured":"Garfield, E., & Merton, R. K. (1979). Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. New York: Wiley."},{"issue":"16","key":"3984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720347115","volume":"115","author":"N Garg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garg, N., Schiebinger, L., Jurafsky, D., & Zou, J. (2018). Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(16), E3635\u2013E3644.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"3984_CR31","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"I Goodfellow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep learning. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"3984_CR32","unstructured":"Hamilton, W. L., Ying, R., & Leskovec, J. (2017a). Inductive representation learning on large graphs. In Proceedings of the 30th neural information processing systems conference (pp. 1024-1034)."},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR33","first-page":"52","volume":"40","author":"WL Hamilton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamilton, W. L., Ying, R., & Leskovec, J. (2017b). Representation learning on graphs: Methods and applications. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 40(3), 52\u201374.","journal-title":"IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin"},{"key":"3984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer, B., Lee, C.-H., & Venkatraman, N. (2006). Managing in a \u201csmall world ecosystem\u201d: Lessons from the software sector. California Management Review, 48(3), 28\u201347.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166348"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03561-y","volume":"124","author":"C Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong, C., Jang, S., Park, E., & Choi, S. (2020). A context-aware citation recommendation model with BERT and graph convolutional networks. Scientometrics, 124(3), 1907\u20131922.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR36","unstructured":"Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2008). Speech and language processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition (2. ed). Prentice Hall series in artificial intelligence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00056","volume":"1","author":"D Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang, D., & Evans, J. (2020). Against method: Exploding the boundary between qualitative and quantitative studies of science. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(3), 930\u2013944.","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.5090140103","volume":"14","author":"MM Kessler","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kessler, M. M. (1963). Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers. American Documentation, 14(1), 10\u201325.","journal-title":"American Documentation"},{"key":"3984_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/430311a","volume":"430","author":"DA King","year":"2004","unstructured":"King, D. A. (2004). The scientific impact of nations. Nature, 430, 311\u2013316.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1057\/hep.2011.9","volume":"24","author":"R King","year":"2011","unstructured":"King, R. (2011). Power and networks in worldwide knowledge coordination: The case of global science. Higher Education Policy, 24(3), 359\u2013376.","journal-title":"Higher Education Policy"},{"key":"3984_CR41","unstructured":"Kipf, T. N., & Welling, M. (2016). Variational graph auto-encoders. In Proceedings of the nips workshop on bayesian deep learning."},{"key":"3984_CR42","unstructured":"Kipf, T. N., & Welling, M. (2017). Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on learning representations (ICLR)."},{"issue":"5","key":"3984_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419877135","volume":"84","author":"AC Kozlowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kozlowski, A. C., Taddy, M., & Evans, J. A. (2019). The geometry of culture: Analyzing the meanings of class through word embeddings. American Sociological Review, 84(5), 905\u2013949.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"3984_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.541","volume":"1","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1989","unstructured":"LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J. S., Henderson, D., Howard, R. E., Hubbard, W., & Jackel, L. D. (1989). Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Computation, 1, 541\u2013551.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_e_00061","volume":"1","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., R\u00e0fols, I., & Milojevi\u0107, S. (2020). Bridging the divide between qualitative and quantitative science studies. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(3), 918\u2013926.","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-010-0162-3","volume":"84","author":"E Lillquist","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lillquist, E., & Green, S. (2010). The discipline dependence of citation statistics. Scientometrics, 84(3), 749\u2013762.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR47","unstructured":"Merton, R. K. (1974). The sociology of science: Theoretical and empirical investigations (4. Dr.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"3984_CR48","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013a). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space.arXiv:1301.3781."},{"key":"3984_CR49","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., & Dean, J. (2013b). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Proceedings of the 26th neural information processing systems conference (pp. 3111-3119)."},{"key":"3984_CR50","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Yih, W.-t., & Zweig, G. (2013c). Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies (pp. 746-751)."},{"issue":"4","key":"3984_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2015.10.005","volume":"9","author":"S Milojevi\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milojevi\u0107, S. (2015). Quantifying the cognitive extent of science. Journal of Informetrics, 9(4), 962\u2013973.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3984_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900204","volume":"69","author":"J Moody","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moody, J. (2004). The structure of a social science collaboration network: Disciplinary cohesion from 1963 to 1999. American Sociological Review, 69(2), 213\u2013238.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"3984_CR53","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., & Duchesnay, E. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"3984_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. (2014). Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP) (pp. 1532-1543). Doha, Qatar: Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SCIE.0000034384.35498.7d","volume":"60","author":"O Persson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Persson, O., Gl\u00e4nzel, W., & Danell, R. (2004). In ationary bibliometric values: The role of scientific collaboration and the need for relative indicators in evaluative studies. Scientometrics, 60(3), 4210\u2013432.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR56","unstructured":"Rehurek, R., & Sojka, P. (2010). Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora. In Proceedings of the LREC. (2010). workshop on new challenges for NLP frameworks (pp. 45\u201350). Valletta: Malta."},{"issue":"2","key":"3984_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/030631293023002004","volume":"23","author":"MW Rossiter","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rossiter, M. W. (1993). The matthew matilda effect in science. Social Studies of Science, 23(2), 325\u2013341.","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-014-0011-3","volume":"3","author":"C Schulz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schulz, C., Mazloumian, A., Petersen, A. M., Penner, O., & Helbing, D. (2014). Exploiting citation networks for large-scale author name disambiguation. EPJ Data Science, 3(1), 11.","journal-title":"EPJ Data Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038519853146","volume":"54","author":"C Schwemmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwemmer, C., & Wieczorek, O. (2020). The methodological divide of sociology: Evidence from two decades of journal publications. Sociology, 54(1), 3\u201321.","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"3984_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sievert, C., & Shirley, K. (2014). LDAvis: A method for visualizing and interpreting topics. In Proceedings of the workshop on interactive language learning, visualization, and interfaces (pp. 63-70). Baltimore, Maryland, USA.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3110"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2008.00338.x","volume":"52","author":"JB Slapin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Slapin, J. B., & Proksch, S.-O. (2008). A scaling model for estimating time-series party positions from texts. American Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 705\u2013722.","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"3984_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630240406","volume":"24","author":"H Small","year":"1973","unstructured":"Small, H. (1973). Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24(4), 265\u2013269.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"key":"3984_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-2126-z","volume":"81","author":"R Sooryamoorthy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sooryamoorthy, R. (2009). Do types of collaboration change citation? collaboration and citation patterns of south african science publications. Scientometrics, 81, 177\u2013193.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR64","unstructured":"Sutskever, I., Martens, J., & Hinton, G. E. (2011). Generating text with recurrent neural networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on machine learning (Vol. 28)."},{"key":"3984_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenney, I., Das, D., & Pavlick, E. (2019). BERT rediscovers the classical NLP pipeline. In Proceedings of the 57th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (pp. 4593-4601). Florence, Italy: Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1452"},{"key":"3984_CR66","unstructured":"Thekumparampil, K. K., Wang, C., Oh, S., & Li, L.-J. (2018). Attention-based graph neural network for semi-supervised learning. arXiv:1803.03735."},{"key":"3984_CR67","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"L van der Maaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Maaten, L., & Hinton, G. (2008). Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 2579\u20132605.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"3984_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02458380","volume":"42","author":"AFJ Van Raan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van Raan, A. F. J. (1998). The influence of international collaboration on the impact of research results: Some simple mathematical considerations concerning the role of self-citations. Scientometrics, 42(3), 423\u2013428.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"3984_CR69","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., & . . . Polosukhin, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. In Proceedings of neural information processing systems conference, 30 (pp. 5998-6008)."},{"key":"3984_CR70","unstructured":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107, P., Cucurull, G., Casanova, A., Romero, A., Li\u00f2, P., & Bengio, Y. (2018). Graph attention networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning. Representations."},{"key":"3984_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber. . (2004). Editor\u2019s comments: The rhetoric of positivism versus interpretivism: A personal view. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), iii.","DOI":"10.2307\/25148621"},{"key":"3984_CR72","unstructured":"Whittaker, M., Crawford, K., Dobbe, R., Fried, G., Kaziunas, E., Mathur, V., & ...Schwartz, O. (2018). Ai now report. AI Now Institute at New York University New York."},{"key":"3984_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, T., Debut, L., Sanh, V., Chaumond, J., Delangue, C., Moi, A., & ...Rush, A. M. (2019). Huggingface\u2019s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing. arXiv:1910.03771.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"key":"3984_CR74","unstructured":"Xu, K., Hu, W., Leskovec, J., & Jegelka, S. (2019). How powerful are graph neural networks? Proceedings of the international conference on learn- ing. representations."},{"issue":"4","key":"3984_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.2015.1053777","volume":"47","author":"L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Powell, J. J., & Baker, D. P. (2015). Exponential growth and the shifting global center of gravity of science production 1900-2011. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 47(4), 46\u201349.","journal-title":"Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning"},{"key":"3984_CR76","unstructured":"Zhang, M., & Chen, Y. (2018). Link prediction based on graph neural networks. In Proceedings of the 32nd conference on neural information processing systems (Vol. 31, pp. 5171-5181)."},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03206-9","volume":"121","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhao, F., & Lu, J. (2019). P2v: Large-scale academic paper embedding. Scientometrics, 121(1), 399\u2013432.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T06:01:25Z","timestamp":1675317685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-03984-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}