{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T19:48:12Z","timestamp":1776196092925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The massive shock of the COVID-19 pandemic has already shown its negative effects on economies around the world, unprecedented in recent history. COVID-19 infections and containment measures caused a general slowdown in research and new knowledge production. Because of the link between R&amp;D output and economic growth, it is to be expected then that a slowdown in research activities will slow in turn the global recovery from the pandemic. Many recent studies also claim an uneven impact on scientific production across gender. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon across countries, analysing preprint depositions in main repositories. Differently from other works, that compare the number of preprint depositions before and after the pandemic outbreak, we analyse the depositions trends across geographical areas, and contrast after-pandemic outbreak depositions with expected ones. Differently from common belief and initial evidence, the decrease in research output is not more severe for women than for men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T19:03:46Z","timestamp":1643310226000},"page":"6811-6826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Impact of Covid-19 on research output by gender across countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0731-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Abramo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ciriaco Andrea","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4245_CR1","unstructured":"Abramo, G., D\u2019Angelo, C. A., & Mele, I. (2021). Gendered impact of COVID-19 pandemic on research production: a cross-country analysis. Proceedings of the 18th international society of scientometrics and informetrics conference - (ISSI 2021) 12\u201315 July 2021, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"4245_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baqaee, D. R., & Farhi, E. (2020). Nonlinear production networks with an application to the COVID-19 crisis. CEPR, discussion paper 14742.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27281"},{"issue":"4","key":"4245_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180338","volume":"110","author":"N Bloom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bloom, N., Charles, I. J., van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are ideas getting harder to find? American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104\u20131144.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"4245_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boeing, P., & H\u00fcnermund, P. (2020). A global decline in research productivity? Evidence from China and Germany. Discussion paper, No. 20-030.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.10484.17281.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.10484.17281"},{"key":"4245_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, X., Fry, C. V., & Wagner, C. S. (2021). International collaboration during the COVID-19 crisis: Autumn 2020 developments. Scientometrics, 126, 3683\u20133692.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03873-7"},{"issue":"7652","key":"4245_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2017.21894","volume":"545","author":"E Callaway","year":"2017","unstructured":"Callaway, E. (2017). bioRxiv preprint server gets cash boost from Chan Zuckerberg initiative. Nature, 545(7652), 18.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4245_CR7","first-page":"167","volume":"582","author":"E Callaway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Callaway, E. (2020). Will the pandemic permanently alter scientific publishing? Nature, Science After the Pandemic, 582, 167\u2013168.","journal-title":"Nature, Science After the Pandemic"},{"key":"4245_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capelle-Blancard, G., & Desroziers A. (2020). The stock market and the economy: Insights from the COVID-19 crisis, VoxEU.org, 19 June.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3638208"},{"key":"4245_CR9","unstructured":"Colavizza, G. (2021). Meta-research on COVID-19: An overview of the early trends. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.02961."},{"key":"4245_CR10","unstructured":"Deleidi, M., De Lipsis, V., Mazzucato, M., Ryan-Collins, J., & Agnolucci, P. (2019). The macroeconomic impact of government innovation policies: A quantitative assessment. UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, Policy Report working paper series (IIPP WP 2019-06). https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/bartlett\/public-purpose\/wp2019-06, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"key":"4245_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20211017","volume":"111","author":"T Deryugina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deryugina, T., Shurchkov, O., & Stearns, J. (2021). COVID-19 disruptions disproportionately affect female academics. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 111, 164\u2013168.","journal-title":"AEA Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"4245_CR12","unstructured":"Djankov, S., & Panizza, U. (2020). COVID-19 in developing economies, a VoxEU.org eBook, CEPR Press."},{"key":"4245_CR14","unstructured":"Fraser, N., Momeni, F., Mayr, P., & Peters, I. (2019). Examining the citation and altmetric advantage of bioRxiv preprints. Paper presented at the 17th International conference on scientometrics and informetrics, ISSI 2019 - Proceedings, 1, 667\u2013672."},{"key":"4245_CR15","unstructured":"Frederickson, M. (2020). COVID-19\u2019s gendered impact on academic productivity (GitHub, 2020) https:\/\/github.com\/drfreder\/pandemic-pub-bias, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"key":"4245_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fry, C. V., Cai, X., Zhang, Y., & Wagner, C. S. (2020). Consolidation in a crisis: Patterns of international collaboration in early COVID-19 research. PloS One, 15(7), e0236307.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236307"},{"issue":"12","key":"4245_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-01258-z","volume":"4","author":"L Inno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inno, L., Rotundi, A., & Piccialli, A. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown effects on gender inequality. Nature Astronomy, 4(12), 1114.","journal-title":"Nature Astronomy"},{"key":"4245_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannidis, J. P., Salholz-Hillel, M., Boyack, K. W., & Baas, J. (2021). The rapid, massive growth of COVID-19 authors in the scientific literature. bioRxiv, 2020-12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.15.422900"},{"key":"4245_CR19","unstructured":"Istat (2019). Asili nido e altri servizi socio-educativi per l\u2019infanzia. Report, available at: https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/files\/2019\/03\/asili-nido.pdf, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"4245_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.9.2.15","volume":"9","author":"P Kenekayoro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kenekayoro, P. (2020). Author and keyword bursts as indicators for the identification of emerging or dying research trends. Journal of Scientometric Research, 9(2), 120\u2013126.","journal-title":"Journal of Scientometric Research"},{"issue":"113","key":"4245_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02031-1","volume":"21","author":"JO Korbel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Korbel, J. O., & Stegle, O. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life scientists. Genome Biology, 21(113), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-020-02031-1","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4245_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00066","volume":"1","author":"K Kousha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kousha, K., & Thelwall, M. (2020). COVID-19 publications: Database coverage, citations, readers, tweets, news, Facebook walls, Reddit Posts. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(3), 1068\u20131091.","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"4245_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-020-00589-0","volume":"81","author":"JJ Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. J., & Haupt, J. P. (2021). Scientific globalism during a global crisis: Research collaboration and open access publications on COVID-19. Higher Education, 81(5), 949\u2013966.","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"4245_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040237","volume":"10","author":"W Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, W., Sun, K., Zhu, Y., Song, J., Yang, J., Qian, L., & Wang, S. (2021). Analyzing the research evolution in response to COVID-19. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(4), 237.","journal-title":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"},{"key":"4245_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludvigson, S. C., Ma, S., & Ng, S. (2020). Covid19 and the macroeconomic effects of costly disasters. NBER Working Paper Series, 4. ISSN 1098-6596","DOI":"10.3386\/w26987"},{"key":"4245_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKibbin, W. J. & Fernando, R. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios, CAMA, working paper 19\/2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3547729"},{"key":"4245_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0921-y","volume":"4","author":"KR Myers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myers, K. R., Tham, W. Y., Yin, Y., et al. (2020). Unequal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on scientists. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 880\u2013883.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behavior"},{"key":"4245_CR28","unstructured":"Pagano, M., Wagner, C., & Zechner, J. (2020). COVID-19, asset prices, and the great reallocation, VoxEU.org, 11 June."},{"issue":"8","key":"4245_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1015-0","volume":"26","author":"M Pai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pai, M. (2020). Covidization of research: What are the risks? Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1159\u20131159.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"4245_CR30","unstructured":"PRB-Population Reference Bureau. (2020). Countries with the oldest population in the world. Report- Available at https:\/\/www.prb.org\/countries-with-the-oldest-populations\/, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"key":"4245_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radecki, J., & Schonfeld, R. C. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on the research enterprise: A landscape review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18665\/sr.314247, last accessed 25 November 2021.","DOI":"10.18665\/sr.314247"},{"key":"4245_CR32","unstructured":"Redden, E. (2020). Empty benches at empty lab tables. Inside Higher Ed, https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/2020\/03\/30\/nonessential-research-has-halted-many-campuses, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"key":"4245_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.022","volume":"91","author":"AK Ribarovska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ribarovska, A. K., Hutchinson, M. R., Pittman, Q. J., Pariante, C., & Spencer, S. J. (2021). Gender inequality in publishing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 91, 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"4245_CR34","first-page":"39","volume":"96","author":"L Schiebinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schiebinger, L., & Gilmartin, S. K. (2020). Housework is an academic issue. Academe, 96, 39\u201344.","journal-title":"Academe"},{"issue":"1","key":"4245_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.175","volume":"56","author":"H Tsunoda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsunoda, H., Sun, Y., Nishizawa, M., Liu, X., & Amano, K. (2019). An analysis of published journals for papers posted on bioRXiv. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 56(1), 783\u2013784.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"4245_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.603502","volume":"9","author":"GL Vasconcelos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, G. L., Cordeiro, L. P., Duarte-Filho, G. C., & Brum, A. A. (2021). Modelling the epidemic growth of preprints on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in Physics, 9, 125.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physics"},{"key":"4245_CR37","unstructured":"Vincent-Lamarre, P., Sugimoto, C. R., & Larivi\u00e8re V. (2020). The decline of women\u2019s research production during the coronavirus pandemic. Nature Index. https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/news-blog\/decline-women-scientist-research-publishing-production-coronavirus-pandemic, last accessed 25 November 2021."},{"key":"4245_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehner, M. R., Li, Y., & Nead, K. T. (2020). Comparison of the proportions of female and male corresponding authors in preprint research repositories before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2020335.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.20335"},{"key":"4245_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02548-2","volume":"585","author":"C Woolston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woolston, C. (2020). Pandemic darkens postdocs\u2019 work and career hopes. Nature, Work, 585, 309\u2013312.","journal-title":"Nature, Work"},{"key":"4245_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdravkovic, M., Berger-Estilita, J., Zdravkovic, B., & Berger D. (2020). Scientific quality of COVID-19 and SARS CoV-2 publications in the highest impact medical journals during the early phase of the pandemic: A case control study. PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0241826.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241826"},{"issue":"1","key":"4245_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03531-4","volume":"124","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhao, W., Sun, B., Huang, Y., & Gl\u00e4nzel, W. (2020). How scientific research reacts to international public health emergencies: A global analysis of response patterns. Scientometrics, 124(1), 747\u2013773.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4245_CR42","unstructured":"Zhao, H., & Kamareddine, F. (2018). Recursion identify algorithm for gender prediction with Chinese names. In Proceedings of the Intern. Conf. Data Science. Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 3\u2013Aug. 2, 2018, pp. 137\u2013142."}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:11:40Z","timestamp":1670217100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04245-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that Giovanni Abramo and Ciriaco Andrea D\u2019Angelo are members of the distinguished reviewers board of <i>Scientometrics<\/i>. Apart from that, none of the authors have conflict of interests in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}