{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:47:29Z","timestamp":1777078049653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T03:02:46Z","timestamp":1646190166000},"page":"1825-1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A discussion of measuring the top-1% most-highly cited publications: quality and impact of Chinese papers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-8489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loet","family":"Leydesdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4291_CR1","first-page":"81","volume":"10","author":"P Ahlgren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahlgren, P., Persson, O., & Rousseau, R. (2014). An approach for efficient online identification of the top-k percent most cited documents in large sets of Web of Science documents. ISSI Newsletter, 10(4), 81\u201389.","journal-title":"ISSI Newsletter"},{"key":"4291_CR3","unstructured":"Archambault, \u00c9., Beauchesne, O. H., & Caruso, J. (2011). Towards a multilingual, comprehensive and open scientific journal ontology. In Proceedings of the 13th international conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (pp. 66\u201377). Durban."},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410110","volume":"41","author":"SJ Bensman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bensman, S. J. (2007). Garfield and the impact factor. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 41(1), 93\u2013155.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"4291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bornmann, L, De Moya Aneg\u00f3n, F., & Leydesdorff, L. (2010). Do scientific advancements lean on the shoulders of giants? A bibliometric investigation of the Ortega hypothesis. PLoS ONE, 5(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0013327.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013327"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.10.009","volume":"5","author":"L Bornmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bornmann, L., & Mutz, R. (2011). Further steps towards an ideal method of measuring citation performance: The avoidance of citation (ratio) averages in field-normalization. Journal of Informetrics, 5(1), 228\u2013230.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-005-0255-6","volume":"64","author":"KW Boyack","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boyack, K. W., Klavans, R., & B\u00f6rner, K. (2005). Mapping the backbone of science. Scientometrics, 64(3), 351\u2013374.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017719","volume":"17","author":"T Braun","year":"1989","unstructured":"Braun, T., Gl\u00e4nzel, W., & Schubert, A. (1989). National publication patterns and citation impact in the multidisciplinary journals Nature and Science. Scientometrics, 17(1\u20132), 11\u201314.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4291_CR12","unstructured":"Gauffriau, M., & Leino, Y. (2020). Understanding SciVal\u2019s calculation of field-weighted percentile indicators. . The Bibliomagician, https:\/\/thebibliomagician.wordpress.com\/2020\/2010\/2015\/guest-post-understanding-scivalscalculation-of-field-weighted-percentile-indicators\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022378804087","volume":"56","author":"W Gl\u00e4nzel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4nzel, W., & Schubert, A. (2003). A new classification scheme of science fields and subfields designed for scientometric evaluation purposes. Scientometrics, 56(3), 357\u2013367.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR15","first-page":"123","volume":"84","author":"Z Griliches","year":"1994","unstructured":"Griliches, Z. (1994). Productivity, R&D and the data constraint. American Economic Review, 84(1), 123.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"4291_CR16","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Handbook of quantitative science and technology research","author":"B Jin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jin, B., & Rousseau, R. (2004). Evaluation of research performance and scientometric indicators in China. In H. F. Moed, W. Gl\u00e4nzel, & U. Schmoch (Eds.), Handbook of quantitative science and technology research (pp. 497\u2013514). Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"4291_CR17","volume-title":"China overtakes the EU in high impact science","author":"K Jonkers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jonkers, K., Fako, P., Goenaga, X., & Wagner, C. S. (2021). China overtakes the EU in high impact science. Office of publication of the European Union."},{"key":"4291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"King, D. (2004). The scientific impact of nations. Nature, 430, 311\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/430311a.","DOI":"10.1038\/430311a"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20991","volume":"60","author":"R Klavans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. (2009). Towards a consensus map of science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(3), 455\u2013476.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR21","first-page":"149","volume":"15","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L. (1988). Problems with the \u2018measurement\u2019 of national scientific performance. Science and Public Policy, 15(3), 149\u2013152.","journal-title":"Science and Public Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"4291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20322","volume":"57","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Can scientific journals be classified in terms of aggregate journal-journal citation relations using the journal citation reports? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(5), 601\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.20322","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"11","key":"4291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21609","volume":"62","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., & Bornmann, L. (2011). Integrated impact indicators compared with impact factors: An alternative research design with policy implications. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(11), 2133\u20132146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.21609","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0636-6","volume":"92","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., & Bornmann, L. (2012). Testing differences statistically with the Leiden ranking. Scientometrics, 92(3), 781\u2013783.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707714","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23408","volume":"67","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., & Bornmann, L. (2016). The operationalization of \u201cfields\u201d as WoS subject categories (WCs) in evaluative bibliometrics: The cases of \u201clibrary and information science\u201d and \u201cscience & technology studies.\u201d Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(3), 707714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.23408","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-019-03099-8","volume":"119","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., Bornmann, L., & Adams, J. (2019). The integrated impact indicator revisited (I3*): a non-parametric alternative to the journal impact factor. Scientometrics, 119(3), 1669\u20131694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-019-03099-8","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2014.05.002","volume":"8","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., Wagner, C. S., & Bornmann, L. (2014). The European Union, China, and the United States in the top-1% and top-10% layers of most-frequently cited publications: Competition and collaborations. Journal of Informetrics, 8(3), 606\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2014.05.002","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00014","volume":"1","author":"S Milojevi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milojevi\u0107, S. (2020). Practical method to reclassify Web of Science articles into unique subject categories and broad disciplines. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(1), 183\u2013206.","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014812810602","volume":"53","author":"H Moed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moed, H. (2002). Measuring China\u2019s research performance using the Science Citation Index. Scientometrics, 53(3), 281\u2013296.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4291_CR33","volume-title":"Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity","author":"F Narin","year":"1976","unstructured":"Narin, F. (1976). Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity. National Science Foundation."},{"key":"4291_CR34","unstructured":"National Science Board. (2020). Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons. Retrieved 6 March, 2021, form https:\/\/ncses.nsf.gov\/pubs\/nsb20203."},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.02.003","volume":"4","author":"T Opthof","year":"2010","unstructured":"Opthof, T., & Leydesdorff, L. (2010). Caveats for the journal and field normalizations in the CWTS (\u201cLeiden\u201d) evaluations of research performance. Journal of Informetrics, 4(3), 423\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joi.2010.02.003","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"4291_CR36","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2015). Frascati Manual. Retrieved, September, 2021, from https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/inno\/frascati-manual.htm."},{"issue":"13","key":"4291_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10153","volume":"53","author":"AI Pudovkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pudovkin, A. I., & Garfield, E. (2002). Algorithmic procedure for finding semantically related journals. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53(13), 1113\u20131119.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"4291_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21086","volume":"60","author":"I Rafols","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rafols, I., & Leydesdorff, L. (2009). Content-based and algorithmic classifications of journals: Perspectives on the dynamics of scientific communication and indexer effects. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(9), 1823\u20131835.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"4291_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2307\/2087176","volume":"15","author":"WD Robinson","year":"1950","unstructured":"Robinson, W. D. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15, 351\u2013357.","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"4291_CR200","unstructured":"Science-Metrix. (2021). Bibliometric indicators for the science and engineering indicators, 2022. https:\/\/www.science-metrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Technical_Documentation_Bibliometrics_SEI_2022_2021-09-14.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"4291_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017249","volume":"9","author":"A Schubert","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schubert, A., & Braun, T. (1986). Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact. Scientometrics, 9(5), 281\u2013291.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"4291_CR42","unstructured":"Scopus (2021) What is field-weighted citation impact? Retrieved December, 2021, from https:\/\/service.elsevier.com\/app\/answers\/detail\/a_id\/14894\/supporthub\/scopus\/~\/what-is-field-weighted-citation-impact-%28fwci%29%3F\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"4291_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2019.03.010","volume":"13","author":"G Sivertsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sivertsen, G., Rousseau, R., & Zhang, L. (2019). Measuring scientific contributions with modified fractional counting. Journal of Informetrics, 13(2), 679\u2013694.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016082432660","volume":"54","author":"RJ Tijssen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tijssen, R. J., Visser, M. S., & van Leeuwen, T. N. (2002). Benchmarking international scientific excellence: Are highly cited research papers an appropriate frame of reference? Scientometrics, 54(3), 381\u2013397.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07","DOI":"10.5530\/jscires.5.1.3","volume":"5","author":"P van den Besselaar","year":"2016","unstructured":"van den Besselaar, P., & Sandstr\u00f6m, U. (2016). What is the required level of data cleaning? A research evaluation case. Journal of Scientometric Research, 5(1), 07\u201312.","journal-title":"Journal of Scientometric Research"},{"key":"4291_CR100","unstructured":"Veugelers, R. (2017). The challenge of China\u2019s rise as a science and technology powerhouse (No. 2017\/19). Bruegel Policy Contribution."},{"key":"4291_CR47","volume-title":"The new invisible college","author":"CS Wagner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wagner, C. S. (2008). The new invisible college. Brookings Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"4291_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvs012","volume":"21","author":"CS Wagner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wagner, C. S., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). An Integrated Impact Indicator: A new definition of \u2018Impact\u2019with policy relevance. Research Evaluation, 21(3), 183\u2013188.","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"issue":"12","key":"4291_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22748","volume":"63","author":"L Waltman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waltman, L., & van Eck, N. J. (2012). A new methodology for constructing a publication-level classification system of science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(12), 2378\u20132392.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.08.001","volume":"5","author":"L Waltman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waltman, L., van Eck, N. J., van Leeuwen, T. N., Visser, M. S., & van Raan, A. F. J. (2011). Towards a new crown indicator: Some theoretical considerations. Journal of Informetrics, 5(1), 37\u201347.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/9mqzd","volume":"2","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, L., & Sivertsen, G. (2020). The new research assessment reform in China and its implementation. Scholarly Assessment Reports, 2(1), 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/9mqzd","journal-title":"Scholarly Assessment Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"4291_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.08.006","volume":"35","author":"P Zhou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhou, P., & Leydesdorff, L. (2006). The emergence of China as a leading nation in science. Research Policy, 35(1), 83\u2013104.","journal-title":"Research Policy"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T14:17:32Z","timestamp":1649513852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-022-04291-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}