{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:39:22Z","timestamp":1777106362092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72374037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72374037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:47:23Z","timestamp":1768636043000},"page":"2495-2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-enhanced multi-dimensional measurement of technological convergence through heterogeneous graph and semantic learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Siming","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runsong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3610-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunjuan","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5512_CR1","first-page":"677","volume":"99","author":"JR Allison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allison, J. R., Lemley, M. A., & Walker, J. (2010). Patent quality and settlement among repeat patent litigants. Georgetown Law Journal, 99, 677.","journal-title":"Georgetown Law Journal"},{"key":"5512_CR2","unstructured":"Bai, J., Bai, S., Chu, Y., Cui, Z., Dang, K., Deng, X., Fan, Y., Ge, W., Han, Y., Huang, F., Hui, B., Ji, L., Li, M., Lin, J., Lin, R., Liu, D., Liu, G., Lu, C., Lu, K., Ma, J., Men, R., Ren, X., Ren, X., Tan, C., Tan, S., Tu, J., Wang, P., Wang, S., Wang, W., Wu, S., Xu, B., Xu, J., Yang, A., Yang, H., Yang, J., Yang, S., Yao, Y., Yu, B., Yuan, H., Yuan, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Zhou, J., Zhou, X., Zhu, T. (2023). Qwen technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.16609. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.16609"},{"key":"5512_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141946","volume":"451","author":"M Bhatia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhatia, M., Meenakshi, N., Kaur, P., & Dhir, A. (2024). Digital technologies and carbon neutrality goals: An in-depth investigation of drivers, barriers, and risk mitigation strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 451, Article 141946.","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4972(01)00094-3","volume":"23","author":"C Bor\u00e9s","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bor\u00e9s, C., Saurina, C., & Torres, R. (2003). Technological convergence: A strategic perspective. Technovation, 23(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"2","key":"5512_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4101(99)00023-3","volume":"28","author":"S Brown","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brown, S., Lo, K., & Lys, T. (1999). Use of R2 in accounting research: Measuring changes in value relevance over the last four decades. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 28(2), 83\u2013115.","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting and Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384411","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2024.2384411","volume":"59","author":"C Brueck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brueck, C., Losacker, S., & Liefner, I. (2025). China\u2019s digital and green (twin) transition: Insights from national and regional innovation policies. Regional Studies, 59(1), 2384411.","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"5512_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2016.04.003","volume":"55","author":"F Caviggioli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caviggioli, F. (2016). Technology fusion: Identification and analysis of the drivers of technology convergence using patent data. Technovation, 55, 22\u201332.","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"5512_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03999-8","volume":"126","author":"JH Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho, J. H., Lee, J., & Sohn, S. Y. (2021). Predicting future technological convergence patterns based on machine learning using link prediction. Scientometrics, 126, 5413\u20135429.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"5512_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2015.068222","volume":"67","author":"Y Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho, Y., Kim, E., & Kim, W. (2015). Strategy transformation under technological convergence: Evidence from the printed electronics industry. International Journal of Technology Management, 67(2\u20134), 106\u2013131.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"5512_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192195","volume":"13","author":"JY Choi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choi, J. Y., Jeong, S., & Jung, J.-K. (2018). Evolution of technology convergence networks in Korea: Characteristics of temporal changes in R&D according to institution type. PLoS ONE, 13(2), Article e0192195.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"5512_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11546","DOI":"10.3390\/su70911546","volume":"7","author":"JY Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi, J. Y., Jeong, S., & Kim, K. (2015). A study on diffusion pattern of technology convergence: Patent analysis for Korea. Sustainability, 7(9), 11546\u201311569.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"5512_CR12","volume-title":"Digital economy core industries and international patent classification comparison table","author":"CNIPA","year":"2023","unstructured":"CNIPA. (2023). Digital economy core industries and international patent classification comparison table. CNIPA."},{"issue":"2","key":"5512_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.06.021","volume":"78","author":"C-S Curran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Curran, C.-S., & Leker, J. (2011). Patent indicators for monitoring convergence\u2013examples from NFF and ICT. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(2), 256\u2013273.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"6","key":"5512_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.03.006","volume":"38","author":"U Dolata","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dolata, U. (2009). Technological innovations and sectoral change: Transformative capacity, adaptability, patterns of change: An analytical framework. Research Policy, 38(6), 1066\u20131076.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR15","unstructured":"EPO. (2022). CPC cooperative patent classification. Retrieved from https:\/\/worldwide.espacenet.com\/patent\/cpc-browser#!\/CPC=Y"},{"key":"5512_CR16","unstructured":"European Commission JRC. (2022). The twin green & digital transition: How sustainable digital technologies could enable a carbon-neutral EU by 2050. Retrieved from https:\/\/joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu\/jrc-news-and-updates\/twin-green-digital-transition-how-sustainable-digital-technologies-could-enable-carbon-neutral-eu-2022-06-29_en"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(00)00135-9","volume":"30","author":"L Fleming","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fleming, L., & Sorenson, O. (2001). Technology as a complex adaptive system: Evidence from patent data. Research Policy, 30(7), 1019\u20131039.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2022.102736","volume":"91","author":"R Fouquet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fouquet, R., & Hippe, R. (2022). Twin transitions of decarbonisation and digitalisation: A historical perspective on energy and information in European economies. Energy Research & Social Science, 91, Article 102736.","journal-title":"Energy Research & Social Science"},{"key":"5512_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.06.001","volume":"9","author":"MA Garito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garito, M. A., Caforio, A., Falegnami, A., Tomassi, A., & Romano, E. (2023). Shape the EU future citizen: Environmental education on the European Green Deal. Energy Reports, 9, 340\u2013354.","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"5512_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.02.022","volume":"91","author":"S Gauch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gauch, S., & Blind, K. (2015). Technological convergence and the absorptive capacity of standardisation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 91, 236\u2013249.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"5512_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.09.018","volume":"86","author":"L Georghiou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Georghiou, L., Edler, J., Uyarra, E., & Yeow, J. (2014). Policy instruments for public procurement of innovation: Choice, design and assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 86, 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3078231","volume":"70","author":"V Giordano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giordano, V., Chiarello, F., Melluso, N., Fantoni, G., & Bonaccorsi, A. (2021). Text and dynamic network analysis for measuring technological convergence: A case study on defense patent data. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70(4), 1490\u20131503.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"5512_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122520","volume":"191","author":"N Gozuacik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gozuacik, N., Sakar, C. O., & Ozcan, S. (2023). Technological forecasting based on estimation of word embedding matrix using LSTM networks. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, Article 122520.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1572","volume":"59","author":"M Gruber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gruber, M., Harhoff, D., & Hoisl, K. (2013). Knowledge recombination across technological boundaries: Scientists vs. engineers. Management Science, 59(4), 837\u2013851.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"5512_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)90052-3","volume":"23","author":"H Grupp","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grupp, H. (1994). The measurement of technical performance of innovations by technometrics and its impact on established technology indicators. Research Policy, 23(2), 175\u2013193.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2308\/horizons-18-087","volume":"36","author":"F Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, F., Masli, A., Xu, Y., & Zhang, J. H. (2022). Corporate innovation and the auditor\u2019s assessment of going concern. Accounting Horizons, 36(4), 27\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2308\/horizons-18-087","journal-title":"Accounting Horizons"},{"key":"5512_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.122003","volume":"184","author":"Q Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, Q., & Zhong, J. (2022). The effect of urban innovation performance of smart city construction policies: Evaluate by using a multiple period difference-in-differences model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184, Article 122003.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"5512_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.02.003","volume":"106","author":"EJ Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, E. J., & Sohn, S. Y. (2016). Technological convergence in standards for information and communication technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 106, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"5512_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, C. G., Arens, R., & Srinivasan, P. (2010). Comparison of IPC and USPC classification systems in patent prior art searches. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Patent Information Retrieval.","DOI":"10.1145\/1871888.1871894"},{"key":"5512_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118262","volume":"209","author":"C He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, C., Shi, F., & Tan, R. (2022). A synthetical analysis method of measuring technology convergence. Expert Systems with Applications, 209, Article 118262.","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"5512_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2021.102407","volume":"112","author":"S Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong, S., Kim, J., Woo, H.-G., Kim, Y.-C., & Lee, C. (2022). Screening ideas in the early stages of technology development: A word2vec and convolutional neural network approach. Technovation, 112, Article 102407.","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"5512_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2011.01024.x","volume":"49","author":"RL Hsiao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsiao, R. L., Tsai, D. H., & Lee, C. F. (2012). Collaborative knowing: The adaptive nature of cross\u2010boundary spanning. Journal of Management Studies, 49(3), 463\u2013491.","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"5512_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2972639","volume":"68","author":"L Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, L., Liu, F., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Overlapping community discovery for identifying key research themes. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(5), 1321\u20131333.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"5512_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031668","volume":"14","author":"A Hussain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussain, A., Jeon, J., & Rehman, M. (2022). Technological convergence assessment of the smart factory using patent data and network analysis. Sustainability, 14(3), Article 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14031668","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"5512_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1606-6","volume":"104","author":"S Jeong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Kim, J.-C., & Choi, J. Y. (2015). Technology convergence: What developmental stage are we in? Scientometrics, 104, 841\u2013871.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Meng, Y., & Zhou, D. (2024). Identifying the trends of technological convergence between domains using a heterogeneous graph perspective: A case study of the graphene industry. Paper presented at the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72356-8_21"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254424","volume":"16","author":"S Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung, S., Kim, K., & Lee, C. (2021). The nature of ICT in technology convergence: A knowledge-based network analysis. PLoS ONE, 16(7), Article e0254424.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5512_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2014.08.005","volume":"12","author":"S Kark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kark, S., Tulloch, A., Gordon, A., Mazor, T., Bunnefeld, N., & Levin, N. (2015). Cross-boundary collaboration: Key to the conservation puzzle. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 12\u201324.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.05.008","volume":"46","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, D.-H., Lee, H., & Kwak, J. (2017). Standards as a driving force that influences emerging technological trajectories in the converging world of the Internet and things: An investigation of the M2M\/IoT patent network. Research Policy, 46(7), 1234\u20131254.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1104-7","volume":"98","author":"E Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, E., Cho, Y., & Kim, W. (2014). Dynamic patterns of technological convergence in printed electronics technologies: Patent citation network. Scientometrics, 98, 975\u2013998.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"5512_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2015.02.001","volume":"44","author":"N Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, N., Lee, H., Kim, W., Lee, H., & Suh, J. H. (2015). Dynamic patterns of industry convergence: Evidence from a large amount of unstructured data. Research Policy, 44(9), 1734\u20131748.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C., Yu, L., Chen, P., & Hu, M. (2023). Technological convergence and market creation: Making connected cars in China. Paper presented at the 2023 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET).","DOI":"10.23919\/PICMET59654.2023.10216796"},{"key":"5512_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03842-6","volume":"126","author":"C Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, C., Hong, S., & Kim, J. (2021). Anticipating multi-technology convergence: A machine learning approach using patent information. Scientometrics, 126, 1867\u20131896.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-016-9480-9","volume":"43","author":"C Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, C., Park, G., & Kang, J. (2018). The impact of convergence between science and technology on innovation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43, 522\u2013544.","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology Transfer"},{"key":"5512_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2023.102724","volume":"123","author":"H Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, H. (2023). Converging technology to improve firm innovation competencies and business performance: Evidence from smart manufacturing technologies. Technovation, 123, Article 102724.","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"5512_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-04170-z","author":"S Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, S., Hwang, J., & Cho, E. (2022). Comparing technology convergence of artificial intelligence on the industrial sectors: Two-way approaches on network analysis and clustering analysis. Scientometrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-021-04170-z","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.07.022","volume":"100","author":"WS Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, W. S., Han, E. J., & Sohn, S. Y. (2015). Predicting the pattern of technology convergence using big-data technology on large-scale triadic patents. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 100, 317\u2013329.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"5512_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2000.002848","volume":"19","author":"DT Lei","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lei, D. T. (2000). Industry evolution and competence development: The imperatives of technological convergence. International Journal of Technology Management, 19(7\u20138), 699\u2013738.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology Management"},{"key":"5512_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0923-2","volume":"98","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., Kushnir, D., & Rafols, I. (2014). Interactive overlay maps for US patent (USPTO) data based on International Patent Classification (IPC). Scientometrics, 98, 1583\u20131599.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.12.006","volume":"13","author":"L Leydesdorff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leydesdorff, L., Wagner, C. S., & Bornmann, L. (2019). Interdisciplinarity as diversity in citation patterns among journals: Rao-Stirling diversity, relative variety, and the Gini coefficient. Journal of Informetrics, 13(1), 255\u2013269.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"5512_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1108\/19348830810915514","volume":"16","author":"MJJ Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin, M. J. J., & Chen, C. J. (2008). Integration and knowledge sharing: Transforming to long-term competitive advantage. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 16(1\/2), 83\u2013108.","journal-title":"International Journal of Organizational Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5512_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03684-2","volume":"125","author":"N Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, N., Mao, J., & Guan, J. (2020). Knowledge convergence and organization innovation: The moderating role of relational embeddedness. Scientometrics, 125(3), 1899\u20131921.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0737-3","volume":"20","author":"C Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu, C., Qiao, J., & Chang, J. (2017). Herfindahl-Hirschman index based performance analysis on the convergence development. Cluster Computing, 20, 121\u2013129.","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"},{"issue":"11","key":"5512_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04516-1","volume":"127","author":"C Luan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luan, C., Deng, S., & Allison, J. R. (2022). Mutual Granger \u201ccausality\u201d between scientific instruments and scientific publications. Scientometrics, 127(11), 6209\u20136229.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tem.2021.3120709","author":"CJ Luan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luan, C. J., Deng, S. M., Porter, A. L., & Song, B. W. (2021). An approach to construct technological convergence networks across different IPC hierarchies and identify key technology fields. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tem.2021.3120709","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"},{"key":"5512_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1057-x","volume":"97","author":"C Luan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luan, C., Liu, Z., & Wang, X. (2013). Divergence and convergence: Technology-relatedness evolution in solar energy industry. Scientometrics, 97, 461\u2013475.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"5512_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271694","volume":"17","author":"K Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, K., & Zor, S. (2022). China\u2019s non-ferrous metal recycling technology convergence and driving factors: A quadratic assignment procedure analysis based on patent collaboration-based network structural hole. PLoS ONE, 17(8), Article 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271694","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-1461.2011.01245.x","volume":"9","author":"RJ Mann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mann, R. J., & Underweiser, M. (2012). A new look at patent quality: Relating patent prosecution to validity. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 9(1), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies"},{"issue":"9","key":"5512_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2019.04.014","volume":"48","author":"AC Marco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marco, A. C., Sarnoff, J. D., & Charles, A. (2019). Patent claims and patent scope. Research Policy, 48(9), Article 103790.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR60","unstructured":"McFadden, D. (1972). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. Working paper, University of California, Berkeley. Available at: https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/61s3q2xr"},{"key":"5512_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2021.742311","volume":"6","author":"C Mejia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mejia, C., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., & Kajikawa, Y. (2021). Exploring topics in bibliometric research through citation networks and semantic analysis. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, Article 742311.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics"},{"key":"5512_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148539","volume":"794","author":"ME Mondejar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mondejar, M. E., Avtar, R., Diaz, H. L. B., Dubey, R. K., Esteban, J., G\u00f3mez-Morales, A., & Prasad, K. A. (2021). Digitalization to achieve sustainable development goals: Steps towards a Smart Green Planet. Science of the Total Environment, 794, Article 148539.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2688","volume":"64","author":"P Moser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moser, P., Ohmstedt, J., & Rhode, P. W. (2018). Patent citations\u2014an analysis of quality differences and citing practices in hybrid corn. Management Science, 64(4), 1926\u20131940.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"5512_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-022-00573-1","volume":"17","author":"J Muldoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muldoon, J., Liguori, E. W., Solomon, S., & Bendickson, J. (2023). Technological innovation and the expansion of entrepreneurship ecosystems. Review of Managerial Science, 17(5), 1789\u20131808.","journal-title":"Review of Managerial Science"},{"key":"5512_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142063","volume":"452","author":"A Myshko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Myshko, A., Checchinato, F., Colapinto, C., Finotto, V., & Mauracher, C. (2024). Towards twin transition in the agri-food sector? Framing the current debate on sustainability and digitalisation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 452, 142063.","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"24","key":"5512_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413601","volume":"13","author":"J-J Ortega-Gras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ortega-Gras, J.-J., Bueno-Delgado, M.-V., Ca\u00f1avate-Cruzado, G., & Garrido-Lova, J. (2021). Twin transition through the implementation of industry 4.0 technologies: Desk-research analysis and practical use cases in Europe. Sustainability, 13(24), Article 13601.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"5512_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104870","volume":"98","author":"S Paiho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paiho, S., Wessberg, N., Dubovik, M., Lavikka, R., & Naumer, S. (2023). Twin transition in the built environment\u2013Policy mechanisms, technologies and market views from a cold climate perspective. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98, Article 104870.","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"9","key":"5512_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.06.006","volume":"47","author":"ME Papazoglou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papazoglou, M. E., & Spanos, Y. E. (2018). Bridging distant technological domains: A longitudinal study of the determinants of breadth of innovation diffusion. Research Policy, 47(9), 1713\u20131728.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40852-017-0074-z","volume":"3","author":"HS Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, H. S. (2017). Technology convergence, open innovation, and dynamic economy. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 3(4), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.09.007","volume":"12","author":"I Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, I., & Yoon, B. (2018). Technological opportunity discovery for technological convergence based on the prediction of technology knowledge flow in a citation network. Journal of Informetrics, 12(4), 1199\u20131222.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"5512_CR71","unstructured":"QwenTeam. (2019). Qwen2.5: A party of foundation models! Retrieved from https:\/\/qwenlm.github.io\/blog\/qwen2.5\/"},{"key":"5512_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02204-8","volume-title":"Converging knowledge, technology, and society: Beyond convergence of nano-bio-info-cognitive technologies","author":"MC Roco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roco, M. C., Bainbridge, W. S., Tonn, B., & Whitesides, G. (2013). Converging knowledge, technology, and society: Beyond convergence of nano-bio-info-cognitive technologies (p. 450). Heidelberg, New York, London."},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050700109155","volume":"23","author":"N Rosenberg","year":"1963","unstructured":"Rosenberg, N. (1963). Technological change in the machine tool industry, 1840\u20131910. The Journal of Economic History, 23(4), 414\u2013443.","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic History"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.160","volume":"22","author":"L Rosenkopf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. (2001). Beyond local search: Boundary-spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic Management Journal, 22(4), 287\u2013306.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"5512_CR75","unstructured":"Salvi, M., Jensen, K., Stoermer, E., Scapolo, F., Asikainen, T., & Muench, S. (2022). Towards a green & digital future: Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"5512_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120095","volume":"157","author":"T San Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"San Kim, T., & Sohn, S. Y. (2020). Machine-learning-based deep semantic analysis approach for forecasting new technology convergence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 157, Article 120095.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12081","volume":"19","author":"T Savino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savino, T., Messeni Petruzzelli, A., & Albino, V. (2017). Search and recombination process to innovate: A review of the empirical evidence and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 54\u201375.","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR78","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"W Seo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seo, W., Park, H., & Yoon, J. (2012). An exploratory study on the korean national R&D trends using co-word analysis. Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management, 19(4), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1072","volume":"56","author":"J Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh, J., & Fleming, L. (2010). Lone inventors as sources of breakthroughs: Myth or reality? Management Science, 56(1), 41\u201356.","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"5512_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-023-04819-x","volume":"128","author":"B Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, B., Luan, C., & Liang, D. (2023). Identification of emerging technology topics (ETTs) using BERT-based model and sematic analysis: A perspective of multiple-field characteristics of patented inventions (MFCOPIs). Scientometrics, 128(11), 5883\u20135904.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5512_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.08.013","volume":"138","author":"B Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, B., & Suh, Y. (2019). Identifying convergence fields and technologies for industrial safety: LDA-based network analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 115\u2013126.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"5512_CR82","unstructured":"Squicciarini, M., Dernis, H., & Criscuolo, C. (2013). Measuring patent quality: Indicators of technological and economic value."},{"key":"5512_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00477","volume":"10","author":"X Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, X., Meng, Y., Ao, X., Wu, F., Zhang, T., Li, J., & Fan, C. (2022). Sentence similarity based on contexts. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 10, 573\u2013588.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2022.104517","volume":"51","author":"Z Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Z., & Wright, B. D. (2022). Citations backward and forward: Insights into the patent examiner\u2019s role. Research Policy, 51(7), Article 104517.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5512_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2025.123995","volume":"213","author":"S Tabares","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tabares, S., Parida, V., & Chirumalla, K. (2025). Twin transition in industrial organizations: Conceptualization, implementation framework, and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 213, Article 123995.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072655","volume":"12","author":"Y Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Lou, X., Chen, Z., & Zhang, C. (2020). A study on dynamic patterns of technology convergence with IPC co-occurrence-based analysis: The case of 3D printing. Sustainability, 12(7), 2655.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"7","key":"5512_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.03.002","volume":"77","author":"D Thorleuchter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thorleuchter, D., den Van Poel, D., & Prinzie, A. (2010). A compared R&D-based and patent-based cross impact analysis for identifying relationships between technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(7), 1037\u20131050.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"5512_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0785-7","volume":"53","author":"FM Utku-\u0130smihan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Utku-\u0130smihan, F. M. (2019). Knowledge, technological convergence and economic growth: A dynamic panel data analysis of Middle East and North Africa and Latin America. Quality & Quantity, 53(2), 713\u2013733.","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"key":"5512_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122481","volume":"191","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Feng, L., Lin, K.-Y., & Liu, P. (2023). Development of technology opportunity analysis based on technology landscape by extending technology elements with BERT and TRIZ. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, Article 122481.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"5512_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101368","volume":"50","author":"M Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, M., Kozanoglu, D. C., Min, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Unraveling the capabilities that enable digital transformation: A data-driven methodology and the case of artificial intelligence. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 50, Article 101368.","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"5512_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1177\/01492063211055982","volume":"48","author":"T Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao, T., Makhija, M., & Karim, S. (2022). A knowledge recombination perspective of innovation: Review and new research directions. Journal of Management, 48(6), 1724\u20131777.","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"5512_CR92","unstructured":"Xu, J., Li, Z., Chen, W., Wang, Q., Gao, X., Cai, Q., & Ling, Z. (2024). On-device language models: A comprehensive review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.00088."},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2024.101583","volume":"18","author":"G Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, G., Xing, J., Xu, S., & Zhao, Y. (2024). A framework armed with node dynamics for predicting technology convergence. Journal of Informetrics, 18(4), Article 101583.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"5512_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2019.1616082","volume":"31","author":"J Yun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yun, J., & Geum, Y. (2019). Analysing the dynamics of technological convergence using a co-classification approach: A case of healthcare services. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 31(12), 1412\u20131429.","journal-title":"Technology Analysis & Strategic Management"},{"issue":"52","key":"5512_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2017.1305091","volume":"49","author":"X Ze-Lei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ze-Lei, X., Xin-ya, D., & Fei, F. (2017). Convergence in China\u2019s high-tech industry development performance: A spatial panel model. Applied Economics, 49(52), 5296\u20135308.","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"5512_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2024.103908","volume":"62","author":"R Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Yu, X., Zhang, B., Ren, Q., & Ji, Y. (2025). Discovering technology opportunities of latecomers based on RGNN and patent data: The example of Huawei in self-driving vehicle industry. Information Processing & Management, 62(1), Article 103908.","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"5512_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.07.011","volume":"133","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Lu, J., & Zhang, G. (2017). Detecting and predicting the topic change of Knowledge-based Systems: A topic-based bibliometric analysis from 1991 to 2016. Knowledge-Based Systems, 133, 255\u2013268.","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"5512_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.09.004","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, J., Liu, F., Liu, Q., Porter, A., Chen, H., & Zhang, G. (2018). Does deep learning help topic extraction? A kernel k-means clustering method with word embedding. Journal of Informetrics, 12(4), 1099\u20131117.","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"5512_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2023.102790","volume":"126","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Zeng, D., Li, J., Feng, K., & Wang, Y. (2023). Quantity or quality: The roles of technology and science convergence on firm innovation performance. Technovation, 126, Article 102790.","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"5512_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-08-2022-0623","volume":"28","author":"C Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong, C., Huang, R., Duan, Y., Sunguo, T., & Dello Strologo, A. (2024). Exploring the impacts of knowledge recombination on firms\u2019 breakthrough innovation: The moderating effect of environmental dynamism. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(3), 698\u2013723.","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"key":"5512_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121477","volume":"176","author":"C Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, C., & Motohashi, K. (2022). Identifying the technology convergence using patent text information: A graph convolutional networks (GCN)-based approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, Article 121477.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"12","key":"5512_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04557-6","volume":"127","author":"W Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, W., Ma, B., & Kang, L. (2022). Technology convergence among various technical fields: Improvement of entropy estimation in patent analysis. Scientometrics, 127(12), 7731\u20137750.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:02:00Z","timestamp":1777104120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11192-025-05512-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"This article does not address any ethical issues.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}