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MV-SDEs are usually approximated using a stochastic interacting\n P<\/jats:italic>\n -particle system, which is a set of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n coupled\n d<\/jats:italic>\n -dimensional stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Importance sampling (IS) is a common technique for reducing high relative variance of MC estimators of rare-event probabilities. We first derive a zero-variance IS change of measure for the quantity of interest by using stochastic optimal control theory. However, when this change of measure is applied to stochastic particle systems, it yields a\n \n \n $$P \\times d$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n P<\/mml:mi>\n \u00d7<\/mml:mo>\n d<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n -dimensional partial differential control equation (PDE), which is computationally expensive to solve. To address this issue, we use the decoupling approach introduced in (dos Reis et\u00a0al. 2023), generating a\n d<\/jats:italic>\n -dimensional control PDE for a zero-variance estimator of the decoupled SDE. Based on this approach, we develop a computationally efficient double loop MC (DLMC) estimator. We conduct a comprehensive numerical error and work analysis of the DLMC estimator. As a result, we show optimal complexity of\n \n \n $$\\mathcal {O}\\left( \\textrm{TOL}_{\\textrm{r}}^{-4}\\right) $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n O<\/mml:mi>\n \n \n TOL<\/mml:mtext>\n \n r<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n -<\/mml:mo>\n 4<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:mfenced>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n with a significantly reduced constant to achieve a prescribed relative error tolerance\n \n \n $$\\textrm{TOL}_{\\textrm{r}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n TOL<\/mml:mtext>\n r<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . Subsequently, we propose an adaptive DLMC method combined with IS to numerically estimate rare-event probabilities, substantially reducing relative variance and computational runtimes required to achieve a given\n \n \n $$\\textrm{TOL}_{\\textrm{r}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n TOL<\/mml:mtext>\n r<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n compared with standard MC estimators in the absence of IS. Numerical experiments are performed on the Kuramoto model from statistical physics.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-024-10497-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T01:02:05Z","timestamp":1728694925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Double-loop importance sampling for McKean\u2013Vlasov stochastic differential equation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nadhir","family":"Ben Rached","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Lateef","family":"Haji-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam Mohan","family":"Subbiah Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Tempone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.77.137","volume":"77","author":"JA Acebr\u00f3n","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acebr\u00f3n, J.A., Bonilla, L.L., Vicente, C.J.P., Ritort, F., Spigler, R.: The Kuramoto model: a simple paradigm for synchronization phenomena. 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