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This work considers a new approach to addressing this problem that provides line rate acceleration of VNFs by employing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) equipped edge servers. This approach has been validated by practical use cases with both TCP and UDP as underlying protocol on a physical testbed environment. We examine the performance implications of executing a security VNF at an FPGA-equipped edge server. We experimentally demonstrate reduced VNF execution latency and energy consumption for a real-time video streaming application in comparison with a software-only baseline. In particular, the results show that the approach lowers VNF execution latency and power consumption at the edge by up to 44% and 76%, respectively, in our experiments while satisfying time constraints and maintaining confidentiality with high scalability. We also highlight the potential research challenges to make this approach viable in practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03907-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T12:03:01Z","timestamp":1623672181000},"page":"1565-1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A measurement study of offloading virtual network functions to the edge"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8521-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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