{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:13:12Z","timestamp":1775182392001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008975","name":"Universitat de Les Illes Balears","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008975","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Server consolidation is one of the most commonly used techniques for reducing energy consumption in datacenters; however, this results in inherent performance degradation due to the coallocation of virtual servers, i.e., virtual machines (VMs) and containers, in physical ones. Given the widespread use of containers and their combination with VMs, it is necessary to quantify the performance degradation in these new consolidation scenarios, as this information will help system administrators make decisions based on server performance management. In this paper, a general method for quantifying performance degradation, that is, server overhead, is proposed for arbitrary consolidation scenarios. To demonstrate the applicability of the method, we develop a set of experiments with varying combinations of VMs, containers, and workload demands. From the results, we can obtain a suitable method for quantifying performance degradation that can be implemented as a recursive algorithm. From the set of experiments addressing the hypothetical consolidation scenarios, we show that the overhead depends not only on the type of hypervisor and the workload distribution but also on the combination of VMs and containers and their nesting, if feasible.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T12:02:34Z","timestamp":1644321754000},"page":"11345-11372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A general method for evaluating the overhead when consolidating servers: performance degradation in virtual machines and containers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Juiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4318_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachiega NG, Souza PS, Bruschi SM, De Souza, SDR (2018) Container-based performance evaluation: a survey and challenges. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on cloud engineering (IC2E). IEEE, pp 398\u2013403","DOI":"10.1109\/IC2E.2018.00075"},{"key":"4318_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03258-2","volume":"77","author":"B Bermejo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bermejo B, Juiz C (2021) On the classification and quantification of server consolidation overheads. J Supercomput 77:1","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"issue":"2","key":"4318_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-018-2613-1","volume":"75","author":"B Bermejo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bermejo B, Juiz C, Guerrero C (2019) Virtualization and consolidation: a systematic review of the past 10 years of research on energy and performance. J Supercomput 75(2):808\u2013836","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"4318_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"A Bhardwaj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhardwaj A, Krishna CR (2021) Virtualization in cloud computing: Moving from hypervisor to containerization\u2014a survey. Arab J Sci Eng 58:1\u201317","journal-title":"Arab J Sci Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"4318_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-018-02890-1","volume":"22","author":"E Casalicchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casalicchio E (2019) A study on performance measures for auto-scaling cpu-intensive containerized applications. Clust Comput 22(3):995\u20131006","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"4318_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-1511-2","volume":"22","author":"M Chae","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chae M, Lee H, Lee K (2019) A performance comparison of linux containers and virtual machines using docker and kvm. Clust Comput 22(1):1765\u20131775","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"issue":"7","key":"4318_CR7","first-page":"55","volume":"4","author":"PR Desai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desai PR (2016) A survey of performance comparison between virtual machines and containers. Int J Comput Sci Eng 4(7):55\u201359","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"4318_CR8","unstructured":"Efoui-Hess M (2019) Climate crisis: The unsustainable use of online video. The Shift Project: Paris, France"},{"key":"4318_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2021.100366","volume":"39","author":"L Helali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helali L, Omri MN (2021) A survey of data center consolidation in cloud computing systems. Computer Sci Rev 39:100366","journal-title":"Computer Sci Rev"},{"key":"4318_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber N, von Quast M, Brosig F, Hauck M, Kounev S (2011) A method for experimental analysis and modeling of virtualization performance overhead. In: International conference on cloud computing and services science. Springer, pp 353\u2013370","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2326-3_19"},{"issue":"2","key":"4318_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1145\/321386.321388","volume":"14","author":"L Kleinrock","year":"1967","unstructured":"Kleinrock L (1967) Time-shared systems: A theoretical treatment. J ACM (JACM) 14(2):242\u2013261","journal-title":"J ACM (JACM)"},{"key":"4318_CR12","first-page":"369","volume":"28","author":"AAA Mardan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mardan AAA, Kono K (2020) When the virtual machine wins over the container: Dbms performance and isolation in virtualized environments. J Inf Process 28:369\u2013377","journal-title":"J Inf Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"4318_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"JP Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin JP, Kandasamy A, Chandrasekaran K (2018) Exploring the support for high performance applications in the container runtime environment. HCIS 8(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"HCIS"},{"key":"4318_CR14","unstructured":"Molero, X., Juiz, C., Roden\u02dco, M.: Evaluaci\u00b4on y modelado del rendimiento de los sistemas inform\u00b4aticos. Pearson Educaci\u00b4on London (2004)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4318_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2287711","volume":"102","author":"F Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu F, Liu F, Jin H, Vasilakos AV (2013) Managing performance overhead of virtual machines in cloud computing: a survey, state of the art, and future directions. Proc IEEE 102(1):11\u201331","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T10:23:31Z","timestamp":1652955811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-022-04318-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-8542","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}