{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:45:50Z","timestamp":1773456350081,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"MICIN through the European Union NextGenerationEU recovery plan","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"name":"Galician Regional Government","award":["Planes Complementarios de I+D+I con las Comunidades Aut\u00f3nomas"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Planes Complementarios de I+D+I con las Comunidades Aut\u00f3nomas"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Government of Spain","award":["8700 PID2019-104834GB- I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8700 PID2019-104834GB- I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Government of Spain","award":["PID2022-141623NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-141623NB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Ordenaci\u00f3n Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2022\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2022\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008425","name":"Conseller\u00eda de Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n e Ordenaci\u00f3n Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431G-2019\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431G-2019\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015068","name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The integration of quantum processing units (QPUs) in a heterogeneous high-performance computing environment requires solutions that facilitate hybrid classical\u2013quantum programming. Standards such as OpenCL facilitate the programming of heterogeneous environments, consisting of CPUs and hardware accelerators. This study presents an innovative method that incorporates QPU functionality into OpenCL, standardizing quantum processes within classical environments. By leveraging QPUs within OpenCL, hybrid quantum\u2013classical computations can be sped up, impacting domains like cryptography, optimization problems, and quantum chemistry simulations. Using Portable Computing Language\u00a0(J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen et al. in Int J Parallel Program 43(5):752\u2013785, 2014. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1007\/s10766-014-0320-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10766-014-0320-y<\/jats:ext-link>) and the Qulacs library\u00a0(Suzuki et al. in Quantum 5:559, 2021. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.22331\/q-2021-10-06-559\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2021-10-06-559<\/jats:ext-link>), results demonstrate, for instance, the successful execution of Shor\u2019s algorithm\u00a0(Nielsen and Chuang in Quantum computation and quantum information, 10th anniversary edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010), serving as a proof of concept for extending the approach to larger qubit systems and other hybrid quantum\u2013classical algorithms. This integration approach bridges the gap between quantum and classical computing paradigms, paving the way for further optimization and application to a wide range of computational problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1706695372000},"page":"11682-11703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["QPU integration in OpenCL for heterogeneous programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"V\u00e1zquez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Pichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s F.","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5879_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s10766-014-0320-y","volume":"43","author":"P J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2014","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen P, La Lama CS, Schnetter E, Raiskila K, Takala J, Berg H (2014) PoCL: a performance-portable OpenCL implementation. Int J Parallel Program 43(5):752\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10766-014-0320-y","journal-title":"Int J Parallel Program"},{"key":"5879_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2021-10-06-559","volume":"5","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Kawase Y, Masumura Y, Hiraga Y, Nakadai M, Chen J, Nakanishi KM, Mitarai K, Imai R, Tamiya S, Yamamoto T, Yan T, Kawakubo T, Nakagawa YO, Ibe Y, Zhang Y, Yamashita H, Yoshimura H, Hayashi A, Fujii K (2021) Qulacs: a fast and versatile quantum circuit simulator for research purpose. Quantum 5:559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2021-10-06-559","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"5879_CR3","unstructured":"Nielsen MA, Chuang IL (2010) Quantum computation and quantum information, 10th anniversary edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"5","key":"5879_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2021.3099140","volume":"41","author":"TS Humble","year":"2021","unstructured":"Humble TS, McCaskey A, Lyakh DI, Gowrishankar M, Frisch A, Monz T (2021) Quantum computers for high-performance computing. IEEE Micro 41(5):15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MM.2021.3099140","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"issue":"3","key":"5879_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2010.69","volume":"12","author":"JE Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone JE, Gohara D, Shi G (2010) OpenCL: a parallel programming standard for heterogeneous computing systems. Comput Sci Eng 12(3):66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCSE.2010.69","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"5879_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Resch S, Karpuzcu UR (2019) Quantum computing: an overview across the system stack. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1905.07240","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1905.07240"},{"issue":"7671","key":"5879_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23459","volume":"549","author":"FT Chong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chong FT, Franklin D, Martonosi M (2017) Programming languages and compiler design for realistic quantum hardware. Nature 549(7671):180\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23459","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5879_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saki AA, Alam M, Ghosh S (2019) Study of decoherence in quantum computers: a circuit-design perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.04323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1904.04323","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1904.04323"},{"key":"5879_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.100.160501","author":"V Giovannetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giovannetti V, Lloyd S, Maccone L (2008) Quantum random access memory. Phys Rev Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.100.160501","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"5879_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2022.08.003","volume":"986","author":"J Tilly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tilly J, Chen H, Cao S, Picozzi D, Setia K, Li Y, Grant E, Wossnig L, Rungger I, Booth GH, Tennyson J (2022) The variational quantum eigensolver: a review of methods and best practices. Phys Rep 986:1\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physrep.2022.08.003","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"5879_CR11","unstructured":"Ruefenacht M, Taketani BG, L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki P, Bergholm V, Kranzlm\u00fcller D, Schulz L, Schulz M (2022) Bringing quantum acceleration to supercomputers. Technical report, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre. https:\/\/www.quantum.lrz.de\/fileadmin\/QIC\/Downloads\/IQM_HPC-QC-Integration-Whitepaper.pdf"},{"key":"5879_CR12","unstructured":"KOW Group (2023) The OpenCL Specification. Version 3.0. https:\/\/registry.khronos.org\/OpenCL\/specs\/3.0-unified\/pdf\/OpenCL_API.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"5879_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00348-9","volume":"3","author":"M Cerezo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cerezo M, Arrasmith A, Babbush R, Benjamin SC, Endo S, Fujii K, McClean JR, Mitarai K, Yuan X, Cincio L, Coles PJ (2021) Variational quantum algorithms. Nat Rev Phys 3(9):625\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42254-021-00348-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"key":"5879_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farhi E, Goldstone J, Gutmann S (2014) A quantum approximate optimization algorithm. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.4028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1411.4028","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1411.4028"},{"key":"5879_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spliet R, Howes L, Gaster BR, Varbanescu AL (2014) KMA: a dynamic memory manager for OpenCL. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on General Purpose Processing Using GPUs (GPGPU-7), pp 9\u201318. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2588768.2576781","DOI":"10.1145\/2588768.2576781"},{"issue":"5","key":"5879_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1137\/s0097539795293172","volume":"26","author":"PW Shor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shor PW (1997) Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer. SIAM J Comput 26(5):1484\u20131509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/s0097539795293172","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"5879_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiskit contributors (2023) Qiskit: an open-source framework for quantum computing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2573505","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2573505"},{"key":"5879_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49","author":"DS Steiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steiger DS, H\u00e4ner T, Troyer M (2018) Projectq: an open source software framework for quantum computing. Quantum. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"5879_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cirq Developers (2023) Cirq. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8161252","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8161252"},{"issue":"2","key":"5879_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3380964","volume":"16","author":"TM Mintz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mintz TM, Mccaskey AJ, Dumitrescu EF, Moore SV, Powers S, Lougovski P (2020) QCOR: a language extension specification for the heterogeneous quantum\u2013classical model of computation. ACM J Emerg Technol Comput Syst (JETC) 16(2):1\u201317","journal-title":"ACM J Emerg Technol Comput Syst (JETC)"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T11:11:01Z","timestamp":1714993861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["5879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-023-05879-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-8542","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest that may have affected the content of this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}