{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:15:55Z","timestamp":1781126155188,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T13:58:07Z","timestamp":1733839087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["BDLT-IoMT\u2014a novel architecture: SVM machine learning for robust and secure data processing in Internet of Medical Things with blockchain cybersecurity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Abdullah Ayub","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif Ali","family":"Laghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Baqasah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rex","family":"Bacarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roobaea","family":"Alroobaea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Alsafyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil","family":"Alsayaydeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6782_CR1","first-page":"20220267","volume":"32","author":"AH Ameen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ameen AH, Mohammed MA, Rashid AN (2023) Dimensions of artificial intelligence techniques, blockchain, and cyber security in the Internet of Medical Things: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. J Intell Syst 32(1):20220267","journal-title":"J Intell Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"6782_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2023.3279111","volume":"8","author":"Z Lian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lian Z, Wang W, Han Z, Su C (2023) Blockchain-based personalized federated learning for internet of medical things. IEEE Trans Sustain Comput 8(4):694\u2013702","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Comput"},{"key":"6782_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2023.100221","volume":"4","author":"S Chaudhury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaudhury S, Sau K (2023) A blockchain-enabled internet of medical things system for breast cancer detection in healthcare. Healthc Anal 4:100221","journal-title":"Healthc Anal"},{"issue":"32","key":"6782_CR4","first-page":"e4","volume":"8","author":"AA Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan AA, Laghari AA, Awan SA (2021) Machine learning in computer vision: a review. EAI Endorsed Trans Scalable Inf Syst 8(32):e4\u2013e4","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans Scalable Inf Syst"},{"key":"6782_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.01.123","volume":"628","author":"P Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi P, Chiaro D, Giampaolo F, Piccialli F (2023) A blockchain-based secure Internet of Medical Things framework for stress detection. Inf Sci 628:377\u2013390","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6782_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55662-w","volume":"14","author":"A Rahman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahman A, Wadud MAH, Islam MJ, Kundu D, Bhuiyan TAUH, Muhammad G, Ali Z (2024) Internet of medical things and blockchain-enabled patient-centric agent through SDN for remote patient monitoring in 5G network. Sci Rep 14(1):5297","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"6782_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25144","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3273851","volume":"23","author":"AA Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan AA, Bourouis S, Kamruzzaman MM, Hadjouni M, Shaikh ZA, Laghari AA, Dhahbi S (2023) Data security in healthcare industrial internet of things with blockchain. IEEE Sensors Journal. 23(20):25144\u201325151","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal."},{"issue":"10","key":"6782_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.3390\/app13106108","volume":"13","author":"A Albakri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albakri A, Alqahtani YM (2023) Internet of Medical Things with a blockchain-assisted smart healthcare system using metaheuristics with a deep learning model. Appl Sci 13(10):6108","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"6782_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108036","volume":"170","author":"S Messinis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Messinis S, Temenos N, Protonotarios NE, Rallis I, Kalogeras D, Doulamis N (2024) Enhancing Internet of Medical Things security with artificial intelligence: A comprehensive review. Comput Biol Med 170:108036","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"6782_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78887","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3194195","volume":"10","author":"AA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan AA, Wagan AA, Laghari AA, Gilal AR, Aziz IA, Talpur BA (2022) BIoMT: A state-of-the-art consortium serverless network architecture for healthcare system using blockchain smart contracts. IEEE Access 10:78887\u201378898","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"17","key":"6782_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7435","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177435","volume":"23","author":"M Osama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osama M, Ateya AA, Sayed MS, Hammad M, P\u0142awiak P, Abd El-Latif AA, Elsayed RA (2023) Internet of medical things and healthcare 4.0: trends, requirements, challenges, and research directions. Sensors 23(17):7435","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"6782_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.10.010","volume":"197","author":"A Mitra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitra A, Bera B, Das AK, Jamal SS, You I (2023) Impact on blockchain-based AI\/ML-enabled big data analytics for cognitive Internet of Things environment. Comput Commun 197:173\u2013185","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"6782_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117826","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3326155","volume":"11","author":"MF Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan MF, AbaOud M (2023) Blockchain-integrated security for real-time patient monitoring in the Internet of Medical Things using federated learning. IEEE Access 11:117826\u2013117850","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"21","key":"6782_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18477","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3280592","volume":"10","author":"KS Sankaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sankaran KS, Kim TH, Renjith PN (2023) An improved AI based secure M-trust Privacy protocol for medical Internet of Things in smart healthcare system. IEEE Internet Things J 10(21):18477\u201318485","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"5","key":"6782_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3285070","volume":"10","author":"A Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali A, Pasha MF, Guerrieri A, Guzzo A, Sun X, Saeed A, Fortino G (2023) A novel homomorphic encryption and consortium blockchain-based hybrid deep learning model for industrial Internet of Medical Things. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng. 10(5):2402\u20132418","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng."},{"key":"6782_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12218","author":"C Dhasarathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhasarathan C et al (2023) User privacy prevention model using supervised federated learning-based block chain approach for Internet of Medical Things. CAAI Trans Intell Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.12218","journal-title":"CAAI Trans Intell Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6782_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194023500419","volume":"33","author":"MN Alatawi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alatawi MN (2023) An approach based on machine learning for the cybersecurity of blockchain-based smart Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) networks. Int J Software Eng Knowl Eng 33(10):1513\u20131535","journal-title":"Int J Software Eng Knowl Eng"},{"key":"6782_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldhyani, T. H., Khan, M. A., Almaiah, M. A., Alnazzawi, N., Hwaitat, A. K. A., Elhag, A., Alshebami, A. S. (2023). A secure internet of medical things framework for breast cancer detection in sustainable smart cities. Electronics, 12(4), 858.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12040858"},{"key":"6782_CR19","first-page":"858","volume":"12","author":"BS Egala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Egala BS, Pradhan AK, Dey P, Badarla V, Mohanty SP (2023) Fortified-chain 2.0: intelligent blockchain for decentralized smart healthcare system. IEEE Internet Things J 12:858","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"6782_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.119783","volume":"654","author":"Q Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Q, Li X, Cai K, Prakash M, Paulraj D (2024) Secure Internet of medical Things (IoMT) based on ECMQV-MAC authentication protocol and EKMC-SCP blockchain networking. Inf Sci 654:119783","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"6782_CR21","volume-title":"Blockchain and Deep Learning for Smart Healthcare","author":"R Khurana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khurana R, Choudhary M, Singh A, Singh KK (2023) AIML-based blockchain solutions for IoMT. In: Singh A (ed) Blockchain and Deep Learning for Smart Healthcare. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"6782_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11334-023-00549-8","volume":"3","author":"P Ghosh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh P, Mazumder A, Banerjee PS, De D (2024) CARE: carbon-aware computing for blockchain-enabled internet of medical things. Innov Syst Softw Eng 3:373\u2013391","journal-title":"Innov Syst Softw Eng"},{"key":"6782_CR23","volume-title":"Handbook of Security and Privacy of AI-Enabled Healthcare Systems and Internet of Medical Things","author":"AU Rufai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rufai AU, Fasina EP, Uwadia CO, Rufai AT, Imoize AL (2023) Cyberattacks against artificial intelligence-enabled Internet of Medical Things. In: Agbotiname LI, Valentina EB, Vijender KS, Cheng-Chi L, Mohammad SO (eds) Handbook of Security and Privacy of AI-Enabled Healthcare Systems and Internet of Medical Things. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"6782_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14418","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3263598","volume":"10","author":"R Myrzashova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Myrzashova R, Alsamhi SH, Shvetsov AV, Hawbani A, Wei X (2023) Blockchain meets federated learning in healthcare: a systematic review with challenges and opportunities. IEEE Internet of Things J 10:14418\u201314437","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"key":"6782_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awotunde JB, Farhaoui Y, Imoize AL, Folorunso SO, Adeniyi AE (2023) An Enhanced Internet of Medical Things Data Communication Based on blockchain and Cryptography for Smart Healthcare Applications. In The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Environment (pp. 305\u2013313). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48465-0_40"},{"key":"6782_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31952-5_11","volume-title":"AI Models for Blockchain-Based Intelligent Networks in IoT Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications","author":"R Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar R, Rana R, Jha SK (2023) Scalable blockchain architecture of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) for Indian smart healthcare system. AI Models for Blockchain-Based Intelligent Networks in IoT Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 231\u2013259"},{"key":"6782_CR27","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Trends of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for E-Health","author":"H Sakly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakly H, Said M, Al-Sayed AA, Loussaief C, Sakly R, Seekins J (2023) Blockchain technologies for internet of medical things (BIoMT) based healthcare systems: a new paradigm for COVID-19 pandemic. Trends of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for E-Health. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 139\u2013165"},{"key":"6782_CR28","volume-title":"Implementation of smart healthcare systems using AI, IoT, and blockchain","author":"JB Awotunde","year":"2023","unstructured":"Awotunde JB, Chakraborty C, AbdulRaheem M, Jimoh RG, Oladipo ID, Bhoi AK (2023) Internet of medical things for enhanced smart healthcare systems. In: Chinmay C, Subhendukumar P, Mohd AA, Qin X (eds) Implementation of smart healthcare systems using AI, IoT, and blockchain. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"issue":"3","key":"6782_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031394","volume":"13","author":"F Subhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subhan F, Mirza A, Su\u2019ud MBM, Alam MM, Nisar S, Habib U, Iqbal MZ (2023) AI-enabled wearable medical internet of things in healthcare system: a survey. Appl Sci 13(3):1394","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"6782_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchal B, Parmar S, Rathod T, Jadav NK, Gupta R, Tanwar S (2023). AI and Blockchain-Based Secure message Exchange Framework for Medical Internet of Things. In 2023 International Conference on Network, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/NMITCON58196.2023.10275980"},{"key":"6782_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32629\/jai.v6i3.592","author":"S Dalal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dalal S, Lilhore UK, Simaiya S, Sharma A, Jaglan V, Kumar M, Rana AK (2023) Original research article a blockchain-based secure Internet of Medical Things framework for smart healthcare. J Auton Intell. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32629\/jai.v6i3.592","journal-title":"J Auton Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"6782_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"P Tyagi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tyagi P, Bargavi SM (2023) Using federated artificial intelligence system of intrusion detection for IoT healthcare system based on blockchain. Int J Data Inf Intell Comput 2(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Int J Data Inf Intell Comput"},{"key":"6782_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107630","volume":"167","author":"W Moulahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moulahi W, Jdey I, Moulahi T, Alawida M, Alabdulatif A (2023) A blockchain-based federated learning mechanism for privacy preservation of healthcare IoT data. Comput Biol Med 167:107630","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"6782_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3316922","volume":"4","author":"A Bisht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bisht A, Das AK, Niyato D, Park Y (2023) Efficient personal-health-records sharing in Internet of Medical Things using searchable symmetric encryption, blockchain and IPFS. IEEE Open J Commun Soc 4:2225\u20132244","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"6782_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31952-5_8","volume-title":"AI Models for Blockchain-Based Intelligent Networks in IoT Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications","author":"V Bibhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bibhu V, Das L, Rana A, Sharma S, Salagrama S (2023) AI model for blockchain based industrial application in healthcare IoT. AI Models for Blockchain-Based Intelligent Networks in IoT Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 163\u2013184"},{"key":"6782_CR36","first-page":"55","volume":"12","author":"AA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan AA, Laghari AA, Shafiq M, Cheikhrouhou O, Alhakami W, Hamam H, Shaikh ZA (2022) Healthcare ledger management: a blockchain and machine learning-enabled novel and secure architecture for medical industry. Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci 12:55","journal-title":"Hum Cent Comput Inf Sci"},{"key":"6782_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2023.3346459","volume":"70","author":"Y Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong Y, Yang L, Liang W, Xie A (2023) Secure access control for electronic health records in blockchain-enabled consumer internet of medical things. IEEE Trans Consumer Electron 70:4574\u20134584","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consumer Electron"},{"key":"6782_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122679","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3223370","volume":"10","author":"AA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan AA, Laghari AA, Shaikh ZA, Dacko-Pikiewicz Z, Kot S (2022) Internet of Things (IoT) security with blockchain technology: A state-of-the-art review. IEEE Access 10:122679\u2013122695","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"24","key":"6782_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10243083","volume":"10","author":"AA Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan AA, Shaikh ZA, Baitenova L, Mutaliyeva L, Moiseev N, Mikhaylov A, Alshazly H (2021) QoS-ledger: Smart contracts and metaheuristic for secure quality-of-service and cost-efficient scheduling of medical-data processing. Electronics 10(24):3083","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"6782_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou El Houda Z, Moudoud H, Brik B, Khoukhi L (2023). Securing Federated Learning Through Blockchain and Explainable AI for Robust Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks. In IEEE INFOCOM 2023-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS57453.2023.10225769"},{"key":"6782_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3313352","volume":"4","author":"H Moudoud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moudoud H, Cherkaoui S (2023) Empowering security and trust in 5G and Beyond: a deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Open J Commun Soc 4:2410","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"6782_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moudoud H, Cherkaoui S, Khoukhi L (2021). Towards a Secure and Reliable Federated Learning Using Blockchain. In 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 01\u201306). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685388"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T14:05:57Z","timestamp":1733839557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-024-06782-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-8542","1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-8542","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}],"article-number":"271"}}