{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:19:31Z","timestamp":1759990771085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T05:44:20Z","timestamp":1759988660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reinforcement learning-based intelligent edge orchestration for IoT: insights into performance and profitability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Qianhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spatharakis D, Dimolitsas I, Genovese G, Tzanettis I, Filinis N, Fotopoulou E, Vassilakis C, Zafeiropoulos A, Iera A, Molina A, Papavassiliou S (2023) A Lightweight Software Stack for IoT Interoperability within the Computing Continuum. In: Proceedings of 2023 19th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), Pafos, Cyprus, 19-21 June, pp 715-722. IEEE, USA","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS-IoT58021.2023.00112"},{"key":"7830_CR2","unstructured":"Kokkonen H, Lov\u00e9n L, Motlagh NH, Kumar A, Partala J, Nguyen T, Pujol VC, Kostakos P, Lepp\u00e4nen T, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil A, Sola E, Angulo I, Liyanage M Bennis M, Tarkoma S, Dustdar S, Pirttikangas, Riekki J (2022) Autonomy and intelligence in the computing continuum: Challenges, enablers, and future directions for orchestration. J., [Online]. Available: arXiv:2205.01423"},{"issue":"16","key":"7830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14621","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3277466","volume":"10","author":"HH Esmat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esmat HH, Lorenzo B, Shi W (2023) Toward resilient network slicing for satellite-terrestrial edge computing IoT. IEEE Internet of Things J 10(16):14621\u201314645","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"issue":"7","key":"7830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2023.3276759","volume":"34","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Bai Y, Sun D (2023) CD-MSA: cooperative and deadline-aware scheduling for efficient multi-tenancy on DNN accelerators. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 34(7):2091\u20132106","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"7830_CR5","unstructured":"Henna K, Susanna P, Lauri L (2023) EISim: A Platform for Simulating Intelligent Edge Orchestration Solutions. J., [Online]. Available: arXiv:2311.01224"},{"key":"7830_CR6","unstructured":"Lillicrap TP, Hunt JJ, Pritzel A, Heess N, Erez T, Tassa Y, Silver D, Wierstra D (2015) Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. J., [Online]. Available: arXiv:1509.02971"},{"issue":"4","key":"7830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-022-01119-9","volume":"106","author":"S Mittal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mittal S, Dudeja RK, Bali RS, Singh R, Aujla GS (2024) A distributed task orchestration scheme in collaborative vehicular cloud edge networks. Computing 106(4):1151\u20131175","journal-title":"Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"7830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3546192","volume":"23","author":"J Hao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao J, Subedi P, Ramaswamy L, Kim IK (2023) Reaching for the sky: maximizing deep learning inference throughput on edge devices with AI multi-tenancy. ACM Trans Internet Technol 23(1):1\u201333","journal-title":"ACM Trans Internet Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3454280","volume":"11","author":"J Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du J, Yu Z, Sun A, Jiang J, Zhao H, Zhang N, Wu C, Yu FR (2024) Secure task offloading in blockchain-enabled MEC networks with improved PBFT consensus. IEEE Trans Cognitive Commun Netw 11(2):1225\u20131243","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cognitive Commun Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"7830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3507153","volume":"24","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Li H, Zhang C, Tang Z, Zhong X, Ren J, Jiang H, Zhang Y (2024) Blockchain-enabled multiple sensitive task-offloading mechanism for MEC applications. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 24(4):3241\u20133255","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mobile Comput"},{"key":"7830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi M, Alam A, Nallan A, Cherif A (2024) Dynamic Clustering-based Task Orchestrator in Mobile Edge Computing. In: Proceedings of 2024 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Ayia Napa, Cyprus, 27-31 May, pp 1613-1618. IEEE, USA","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC61514.2024.10592599"},{"key":"7830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safavifar Z, Mechalikh C, Xie J, Golpayegani F (2023) Enhancing VRUs Safety Through Mobility-Aware Workload Orchestration with Trajectory Prediction using Reinforcement Learning. In: Proceedings of 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Bilbao, Spain, 24-28 September, pp 6132-6137. IEEE, USA","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC57777.2023.10421846"},{"issue":"3","key":"7830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3358414","volume":"21","author":"C Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin C, Chiang Y, Wei HY (2024) Multi-service edge computing management with multi-stage coalition game task offloading. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manage 21(3):3278\u20133291","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manage"},{"key":"7830_CR14","unstructured":"Yang L, Zhang X, Lei B, Zhao Q, Wei M, Qu Z (2024) Incentive-Driven Task Offloading and Collaborative Computing in Device-Assisted MEC Networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal J 1-1"},{"key":"7830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3484410","volume":"12","author":"SA Mohamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohamed SA, Sorour S, Elsayed SA, Hassanein HS (2024) Profitable and scalable MEC: reputation-based service replication via stackelberg game. IEEE Internet of Things J 12:4286\u20134301","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"issue":"7","key":"7830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6030","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3544311","volume":"24","author":"X Ling","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ling X, Jiang R, Cao W, Chen M, Wang J, Ding Z, Gao X (2025) Exploring MEC server strategy in blockchain networks: mining for mobile users or for self. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 24(7):6030\u20136044","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mobile Comput"},{"issue":"11","key":"7830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15438","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3528492","volume":"12","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Hu X, Gong S, Su Z, Gu B (2025) Multitime scale service caching and pricing in MEC systems with dynamic program popularity. IEEE Internet of Things J 12(11):15438\u201315452","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"issue":"2","key":"7830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-025-01904-1","volume":"18","author":"L Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng L, Tan L (2025) A decentralized scheme for multi-user edge computing task offloading based on dynamic pricing. Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl 18(2):91","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"7830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3597023","volume":"23","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhao J, Hu J, Wan S, Huang J (2024) Distributed task offloading and resource purchasing in NOMA-enabled mobile edge computing: hierarchical game theoretical approaches. ACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst 23(1):1\u201328","journal-title":"ACM Trans Embedded Comput Syst"},{"issue":"17","key":"7830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15679","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3265432","volume":"10","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhang L, Gao P, Yang X, Wang K, Yang K (2023) Stackelberg-game-based intelligent offloading incentive mechanism for a multi-UAV-assisted mobile-edge computing system. IEEE Internet of Things J 10(17):15679\u201315689","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"issue":"10","key":"7830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13793","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3275365","volume":"72","author":"W Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou W, Xia J, Zhou F, Fan L, Lei X, Nallan A, Karagiannidis GK (2023) Profit maximization for cache-enabled vehicular mobile edge computing Nntworks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 72(10):13793\u201313798","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"7830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3372295","volume":"21","author":"Z Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao Z, Yin G, Tang X, Liu P (2024) A cooperative community-based framework for service caching and task offloading in multi-access edge computing. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manag 21:3224\u20133235","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"7830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2023.3308563","volume":"11","author":"M Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao M, Li X, Ota K, Dong M (2023) Single-cell multiuser computation offloading in dynamic pricing-aided mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 11(2):3004\u20133014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"7830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3310062","volume":"41","author":"L Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao L, Zhao Z, Zhang E, Hawbani A, Al-Dubai AY, Tan Z, Hussain A (2023) A digital twin-assisted intelligent partial offloading approach for vehicular edge computing. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 41(11):3386\u20133400","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"7830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109476","volume":"220","author":"A Robles-Enciso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robles-Enciso A, Skarmeta AF (2023) A multi-layer guided reinforcement learning-based tasks offloading in edge computing. Comput Netw 220:109476","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"7830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.23919\/cje.2022.00.225","volume":"33","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Lin Y, Wang D, Hu J (2024) Design of Low-power turbo encoder and decoder for NB-IoT. Chin J Electron 33(2):403\u2013414","journal-title":"Chin J Electron"},{"issue":"2","key":"7830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.23919\/cje.2021.00.289","volume":"32","author":"S Shao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao S, Liu S, Li K, You S, Qiu H, Yao X, Ji Y (2023) LBA-EC: load balancing algorithm based on weighted bipartite graph for edge computing. Chin J Electron 32(2):313\u2013324","journal-title":"Chin J Electron"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T05:44:27Z","timestamp":1759988667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["7830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-025-07830-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest Statement"}}],"article-number":"1425"}}