{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1774520354176,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subnet-based wireless network-on-chip (WNoC) architecture often experiences inefficient core utilization, leading to localized overheating and performance loss. This study introduces a hop-based approach that selects cores for wireless router assignment without forming subnets and schedules jobs with fairness by assigning tasks to the coolest cores. This approach aims to maintain balanced heat distribution across WNoC cores while improving performance. Wireless router cores are chosen so that the maximum hop count from any core to the nearest wireless router remains fixed. Jobs are scheduled using an improved shortest remaining job first (SRJF) algorithm for fairness, and cores are selected based on their lowest Heat Indicator (HI) values. We simulate 49-, 81-, and 144-core WNoC in 1-hop, 2-hop, and 3-hop configurations using benchmark-inspired 184 jobs. Simulation results show that the 2-hop WNoC achieves fair heat distribution and provides a balanced performance across the evaluated metrics, reducing the number of wireless routers compared to hop-1 and lowering latency and power consumption compared to existing subnet-based WNoC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:03:20Z","timestamp":1774515800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A promising approach for better thermal management and performance of WNoC systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Abu","family":"Asaduzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koteswara R.","family":"Pandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian C.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md R.","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"8378_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikoli\u0107 TR, Nikoli\u0107 GS, Dimitrijevi\u0107 BR, Stojcev MK (2022) From single CPU to multicore systems. In: IEEE International Scientific Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST), Ohrid, North Macedonia, pp. 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEST55168.2022.9828614"},{"key":"8378_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghose S (2024) General-Purpose Multicore Architectures. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2408.12999v1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6401-7_46-1"},{"key":"8378_CR3","unstructured":"Srivinay Kabadi MG (2020) A Comprehensive Study on Design Consideration of Multi Core Processors. SSRN https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3668127"},{"key":"8378_CR4","unstructured":"Baaguigui R (2023) ILP, DLP, TLP, RLP: Easily Explained! Medium https:\/\/medium.com\/@ramzi.baaguigui1\/ilp-dlp-tlp-rlp-and-more-easily-explained-2b6ce22141b"},{"key":"8378_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora J, Rashid SA, Maia C, Nelissen G, Tovar E (2022) Work-in-progress: A holistic approach to WCRT analysis for multicore systems. In: IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), Houston, TX, USA, pp. 511\u2013514","DOI":"10.1109\/RTSS55097.2022.00054"},{"key":"8378_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasija T, Ramkumar KR, Kaur A, Mittal SK, Singh B (2024) Efficient multicore computing and high-precision arithmetic: A comprehensive guide to multicore and big number programming. In: IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), Jabalpur, India, pp. 1106\u20131111","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT60213.2024.10546121"},{"key":"8378_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dongre S, Joshi A (2021) An empirical network-on-chip topology design for multicore architectures. In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Smart and Green Technologies (ICISSGT), Visakhapatnam, India, pp. 87\u201392","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISSGT52025.2021.00028"},{"key":"8378_CR8","unstructured":"Zuckerman J, Mantovani P, Giri D, Carloni LP (2022) Enabling Heterogeneous, Multicore SoC Research with RISC-V and ESP. Workshop on Computer Architecture Research with RISC-V (CARRV). Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2206.01901"},{"key":"8378_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey VK, J, G, Kashyap S (2024) Accelerating computer architecture development using formal methods. In: IEEE International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kamand, India, pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT61001.2024.10724359"},{"key":"8378_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud O, Desnos K, Raffin E, Nezan J-F (2024) Multicore and network topology codesign for pareto-optimal multinode architecture. In: IEEE European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Lyon, France, pp. 701\u2013705","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO63174.2024.10715023"},{"key":"8378_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju Y, Moonju P (2013) Performance improvements using application hints on a multicore embedded system. In: Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00738-0_12"},{"key":"8378_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lit A, Junaidi N, Suhaili S, Rufus S, Ramlee NA, Mahyan F (2024) Evaluating NoC and WiNoC architectures for multicore architecture performance. In: IEEE International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology (GECOST), Miri Sarawak, Malaysia, pp. 235\u2013239","DOI":"10.1109\/GECOST60902.2024.10474757"},{"issue":"4","key":"8378_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2536778","volume":"10","author":"V Vijayakumaran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vijayakumaran V, Yuvaraj MP, Mansoor N, Nerurkar N, Ganguly A, Kwasinski A (2014) CDMA enabled wireless network-on-chip. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC) 10(4):1\u201320","journal-title":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)"},{"key":"8378_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shreedhar T, Deb S (2016) Hierarchical cluster based NoC design using wireless interconnects for coherence support. In: IEEE International Conference on VLSI Design and Embedded Systems (VLSID), Kolkata, India, pp. 63\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSID.2016.54"},{"key":"8378_CR15","unstructured":"Chidella KK (2018) Directory-based wired-wireless network-on-chip architectures to improve performance. PhD thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA"},{"key":"8378_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102020","volume":"115","author":"S Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul S, Chatterjee N, Ghosal P (2021) Dynamic task allocation and scheduling with contention-awareness for network-on-chip based multicore systems. Elsevier Journal of Systems Architecture 115:102020","journal-title":"Elsevier Journal of Systems Architecture"},{"key":"8378_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang Y, Li H, Shen F, Xu Q, Hua S, Zhu S (2024) Adaptive multi-core real-time scheduling based on reinforcement learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA), Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland, pp. 148\u2013153","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCA62789.2024.10591927"},{"key":"8378_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Dalbouh HM (2022) A new combination approach to CPU scheduling based on priority and round-robin algorithms for assigning a priority to a process and eliminating starvation. International J. of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA) 13(4)","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2022.0130463"},{"key":"8378_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari AQ, Ansari MR, Khan MA (2015) Performance evaluation of various parameters of network-on-chip (NoC) for different topologies. In: IEEE International Conference in India (INDICON-2015), New Delhi, India, pp. 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2015.7443762"},{"key":"8378_CR20","unstructured":"PcSite: The Rise of Multi-Core Processors: A Game Changer in Computing. Medium https:\/\/pcsite.medium.com\/the-rise-of-multi-core-processors-a-game- changer-in-computing-9bac0315033c (2023)"},{"key":"8378_CR21","unstructured":"Korucuo\u011flu \u0130 (2024) The Evolution of Computer Processors: From Single-Core to Multi-Core and Beyond. Siberoloji https:\/\/www.siberoloji.com\/the-evolution-of-computer-processors-from-single-core-to-multi-core-and-beyond\/"},{"key":"8378_CR22","volume-title":"Multicore Processors: Challenges","author":"C M\u00e4rtin","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00e4rtin C (2014) Multicore Processors: Challenges. Opportunities, Emerging Trends"},{"key":"8378_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122694","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3329233","volume":"11","author":"S Saleem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleem S, Hussain F, Amin W (2023) A survey on dynamic application mapping approaches for real-time network-on-chip based platforms. IEEE Access 11:122694\u2013122721","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"8","key":"8378_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.879797","volume":"94","author":"M Pedram","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pedram M, Nazarian S (2006) Thermal modeling, analysis, and management in VLSI circuits: Principles and methods. Proc IEEE 94(8):1487\u20131501","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"8378_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozhin E, Kozhin A, Shpagilev D (2020) Performance analysis of network-on-chip topologies for elbrus multi-core processors. In: IEEE International Conference on Engineering and Telecommunication, Dolgoprudny, Russia, pp. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/EnT50437.2020.9431279"},{"key":"8378_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemli B, Zitouni A (2017) Architecture and performances comparison of network on chip router for hierarchical mesh topology. In: IEEE International Conference on Engineering and MIS (ICEMIS), Monastir, Tunisia, pp. 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMIS.2017.8273057"},{"issue":"12","key":"8378_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2024.3486219","volume":"35","author":"S Gautam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gautam S, Samad A, Umar MS (2024) Design and performance evaluation of linearly extensible cube-triangle network for multicore systems. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 35(12):2596\u20132607","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"8378_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumdar S, Scionti A (2019) Ring-mesh: A scalable and high-performance approach for manycore accelerators. Journal of Supercomputing . Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1904.03428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-019-03072-5"},{"key":"8378_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamid N, Walters R, Wills G (2015) Interconnection network performance of multi-core cluster architectures. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer, Communications, and Control Technology (I4CT), Kuching, Malaysia, pp. 132\u2013136","DOI":"10.1109\/I4CT.2015.7219552"},{"key":"8378_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy BNK, Kar S (2021) Energy efficient and high-performance modified mesh-based 2-D NoC architecture. In: IEEE International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR), Paris, France, pp. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR52026.2021.9481796"},{"issue":"10","key":"8378_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2010.176","volume":"60","author":"A Ganguly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ganguly A, Chang K, Deb S, Pande PP, Belzer B, Teuscher C (2011) Scalable hybrid wireless network-on-chip architectures for multicore systems. IEEE Trans Comput 60(10):1485\u20131502","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"8378_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-014-1341-4","author":"W-H Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu W-H, Wang C, Bagherzadeh N (2014) Design and analysis of a mesh-based wireless network-on-chip. Springer J Supercomputer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-014-1341-4","journal-title":"Springer J Supercomputer"},{"issue":"2","key":"8378_CR33","first-page":"374","volume":"28","author":"A Asaduzzaman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asaduzzaman A, Chidella KK, Vardha D (2017) An energy-efficient directory-based multicore architecture with wireless routers to minimize the communication latency. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 28(2):374\u2013385","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"8378_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anbazhagan K, Kumar R, Thilagavathy R, Anuradha D (2024) Shortest job first with gateway-based resource management strategy for fog enabled cloud computing. In: IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Systems (ICDECS), Bangalore, India, pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDECS59733.2023.10503525"},{"issue":"11","key":"8378_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2008.111","volume":"19","author":"Q Tang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang Q, Gupta SKS, Varsamopoulos G (2008) Energy-efficient thermal-aware task scheduling for homogeneous high-performance computing data centers: A cyber-physical approach. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 19(11):1458\u20131472","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"8378_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen P, Chen H, Liu W, Long L, Chang W, al (2024) DAG-Order: An order-based dynamic DAG scheduling for real-time networks-on-chip. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) 21(1), 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3631527"},{"key":"8378_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu O, Moscibroda T (2007) Stall-time fair memory access scheduling for chip multiprocessors. In: Proc. IEEE\/ACM Int\u2019l Symp. on Microarchitecture (MICRO-40)","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2007.4408252"},{"issue":"1","key":"8378_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1145\/980152.980157","volume":"1","author":"K Skadron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Skadron K, Stan MR, Sankaranarayanan K, Huang W, Velusamy S, Tarjan D (2004) Temperature-aware microarchitecture: Modeling and implementation. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) 1(1):94\u2013125","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)"},{"key":"8378_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang W, Stan MR, Skadron K, Sankaranarayanan K, Ghosh S, Velusamy S (2004) Compact thermal modeling for temperature-aware design. In: Proceedings of the Annual Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Diego, CA, pp. 878\u2013883","DOI":"10.1145\/996566.996800"},{"key":"8378_CR40","unstructured":"Raghu A (2010) Dynamic thermal management of multi-core processors using core hopping. Master\u2019s thesis, Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington"},{"key":"8378_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janicki M, Collet JH, Louri A, Napieralski A (2010) Hot spots and core-to-core thermal coupling in future multi-core architectures. In: IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), Santa Clara, CA, USA, pp. 205\u2013210","DOI":"10.1109\/STHERM.2010.5444291"},{"key":"8378_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks D, Martonosi M (2001) Dynamic thermal management for high-performance microprocessors. In: IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), Monterrey, Mexico, pp. 171\u2013182","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2001.903261"},{"issue":"2","key":"8378_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2011.2158275","volume":"1","author":"S Reda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reda S (2011) Thermal and power characterization of real computing devices. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 1(2):76\u201387","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"8378_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2008.2005193","volume":"17","author":"D Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li D, Tan SX-D, Pacheco EH, Tirumala M (2009) Architecture-level thermal characterization for multicore microprocessors. IEEE Transactions on Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 17(10):1495\u20131507","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems"},{"key":"8378_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catania V, Mineo A, Monteleone S, Palesi M, Patti D (2016) Noxim: Improving the energy efficiency of wireless network on chip architectures through online selective buffers and receivers shutdown. In: IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 668\u2013673. Software available at https:\/\/github.com\/davidepatti\/noxim","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2016.7444860"},{"key":"8378_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang N, Becker DU, Michelogiannakis G, Balfour J, Towles B, Shaw DE, Dally WJ (2013) Booksim: A detailed and flexible cycle-accurate network-on-chip simulator. In: IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. Software available at https:\/\/github.com\/booksim\/booksim2","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS.2013.6557149"},{"key":"8378_CR47","unstructured":"Mandal SK, Gupta N, Mandal A, Malave J, Lee JD, Mahapatra RN (2023) NoCBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Network on Chip. Proceedings of the UCAS-5 Workshop. https:\/\/www.ispass.org\/ucas5\/session1_1_tamu.pdf"},{"key":"8378_CR48","unstructured":"What consumes more power: wired or wireless internet connection? Computing and Networks forum. https:\/\/forum.allaboutcircuits.com\/threads\/what-consumes-more-power-wired-or-wireless-internet-connection.69734\/ (2012)"},{"key":"8378_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondal HK, Deb S (2014) An energy-efficient wireless network-on-chip using power-gated transceivers. In: Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 243\u2013248","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCC.2014.6948935"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:03:39Z","timestamp":1774515819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["8378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08378-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"300"}}