{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:14:13Z","timestamp":1778087653168,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:51:44Z","timestamp":1778086304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DRL-SecRoute: a synergetic deep reinforcement learning paradigm for mitigating byzantine faults and SSDF attacks through heuristic spectrum cognizance in next-generation cognitive radio networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Dixit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"no. 13","key":"8540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001","volume":"vol. 50","author":"IF Akyildiz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akyildiz IF, Lee WY, Vuran MC, Mohanty S (2009) NeXt generation\/dynamic spectrum access\/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey. Comput Netw 50(13):2127\u20132159","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"no. 4","key":"8540_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/98.788210","volume":"vol. 6","author":"J Mitola","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mitola J, Maguire GQ (1999) Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal. IEEE Pers Commun 6(4):13\u201318","journal-title":"IEEE Pers Commun"},{"issue":"no. 1","key":"8540_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010126","volume":"vol. 19","author":"Y Arjoune","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arjoune Y, Kaabouch N (2020) A comprehensive survey on spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: recent advances, new challenges, and future research directions. Sensors Basel 19(1):126","journal-title":"Sensors Basel"},{"issue":"no. 2","key":"8540_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2399691","volume":"vol. 12","author":"Y Zou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zou Y, Wang G (2016) Intercept behavior analysis of industrial wireless sensor networks in the presence of eavesdropping attack. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 12(2):780\u2013787","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"issue":"9","key":"8540_CR5","first-page":"2317","volume":"13","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li F, Lam KY, Li X et al (2018) Knowledge-aware sensor network security routing with an energy-efficient data protection scheme. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 13(9):2317\u20132329","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"8540_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao H, Alizadeh M, Menache I, Kandula S (2016) Resource management with deep reinforcement learning in Proc. 15th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, 50\u201356","DOI":"10.1145\/3005745.3005750"},{"issue":"no. 8","key":"8540_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2558146","volume":"vol. 15","author":"L Lei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lei L, Kuang Y, Shen XS, Yang K, Qiao J, Zhong Z (2016) Optimal reliability in energy harvesting industrial wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 15(8):5399\u20135413","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wirel Commun"},{"issue":"no. 6","key":"8540_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2582540","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Y Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cao Y, Jiang T, Han Z (2016) A survey of emerging M2M systems: context, task, and objective. IEEE Internet Things J 3(6):1246\u20131258","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"9","key":"8540_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9499","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2856854","volume":"67","author":"L Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiao L, Jiang D, Xu D, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Poor HV (2018) Two-dimensional anti-jamming mobile communication based on reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 67(9):9499\u20139512","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"8540_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagduyu YE, Shi Y, Erpek T (2019) IoT network security from the perspective of adversarial deep learning in Proc. 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications Networking Conference (CCNC), 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2019.8824956"},{"issue":"no. 18","key":"8540_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.06.011","volume":"vol. 32","author":"KR Chowdhury","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chowdhury KR, Felice MD (2008) SEARCH: a routing protocol for mobile cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Comput Commun 32(18):1983\u20131997","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"8540_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pefkianakis I, Wong SH, Lu S (2008) SAMER: Spectrum aware mesh routing in cognitive radio networks in Proc. 3rd IEEE Symposium on new frontiers in dynamic spectrum access networks, pp. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2008.90"},{"issue":"no. 6","key":"8540_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604083","volume":"vol. 9","author":"GP Joshi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joshi GP, Kim SW (2009) A distributed geo-routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Sensors Basel 9(6):4083\u20134103","journal-title":"Sensors Basel"},{"issue":"no. 12","key":"8540_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7920","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2482119","volume":"vol. 62","author":"K Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng K, Meng H, Chatzimisios P, Lei L, Shen X (2015) An SMDP-based resource allocation in vehicular cloud computing systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(12):7920\u20137928","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"issue":"1","key":"8540_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2341600","volume":"17","author":"M Erol-Kantarci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Erol-Kantarci M, Mouftah HT (2015) Energy-efficient information and communication infrastructures in the smart grid: a survey on interactions and open issues. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 17(1):179\u2013197","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"8540_CR16","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Mesbahi M, Awan ET (2016) SEER: A spectrum and energy efficient routing protocol for cognitive radio sensor networks in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1\u20136"},{"key":"8540_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang R, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang C (2013) Secure crowdsourcing-based cooperative spectrum sensing in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2526\u20132534","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6567059"},{"issue":"2","key":"8540_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2091277","volume":"59","author":"AS Rawat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rawat AS, Anand P, Chen H, Varshney PK (2011) Collaborative spectrum sensing in the presence of Byzantine attacks in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Trans Signal Process 59(2):774\u2013786","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"issue":"12","key":"8540_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2823314","volume":"17","author":"X Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin X, Sun J, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang C (2018) SpecGuard: Spectrum misuse detection in dynamic spectrum access systems. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 17(12):2925\u20132938","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"8540_CR20","first-page":"2162","volume":"49","author":"GI Sayed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sayed GI, Khoriba G, Haggag MH (2019) A novel chaotic salp swarm algorithm for global optimization and feature selection. Appl Intell 49(6):2162\u20132192","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"8540_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel H, Abed AA (2024) Blockchain-enhanced secure routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks: a comprehensive review in Proc. IEEE 7th International Conference on Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (AUTEEE), 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/AUTEEE62881.2024.10869679"},{"issue":"4","key":"8540_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916583","volume":"21","author":"NC Luong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luong NC, Hoang DT, Gong S, Niyato D, Wang P, Liang YC, Kim DI (2019) Applications of deep reinforcement learning in communications and networking: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(4):3133\u20133174","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"8540_CR23","first-page":"11","volume":"78","author":"A Sartori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sartori A, Mandelli D, Minar N et al (2019) A multi-objective adversarial approach for security assessment in complex systems. Eng Appl Artif Intell 78:11\u201324","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"8540_CR24","unstructured":"Fujimoto S, van Hoof H, Meger D (2018) Addressing function approximation error in actor-critic methods in Proc. 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1587\u20131596"},{"key":"8540_CR25","unstructured":"Haarnoja T, Zhou A, Abbeel P, Levine S (2018) Soft actor-critic: Off-policy maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning with a stochastic actor in Proc. 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1861\u20131870"},{"key":"8540_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Xiao Z, Wang B, Zhao BY, Zheng H (2019) Scaling deep learning models for spectrum anomaly detection in Proc. 20th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, 291\u2013300","DOI":"10.1145\/3323679.3326527"},{"key":"8540_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Even S, Itai A, Shamir A (1975) On the complexity of time table and multi-commodity flow problems in Proc. 16th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 184\u2013193","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1975.21"},{"key":"8540_CR28","unstructured":"Schaul T, Quan J, Antonoglou I, Silver D (2016) Prioritized experience replay in Proc. International Conference on Learning Representations"},{"key":"8540_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu FT, Ting KM, Zhou ZH (2008) Isolation forest in Proc. 8th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 413\u2013422","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2008.17"},{"issue":"6","key":"8540_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3328356","volume":"11","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Han G, Lin C, Zhang F, Sun C (2024) SDN-QLTR: Q-learning-assisted trust routing scheme for SDN-based underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE Internet Things J 11(6):1742\u20131753","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8540_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-2988-6","volume":"31","author":"GI Sayed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sayed GI, Hassanien AE, Azar AT (2019) Feature selection via a novel chaotic crow search algorithm. Neural Comput Appl 31(1):171\u2013188","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"8540_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34592","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3368632","volume":"12","author":"MS Javed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Javed MS, Bakar RA (2024) A secure and green cognitive routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks. IEEE Access 12:34592\u201334608","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"8540_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun J, Shi Q, Jin G, Xu H, Chen W (2024) Blockchain-enabled IoV: secure communication and trustworthy decision-making in Proc. IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing (DSC) 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC63325.2024.00035"},{"key":"8540_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin L, Huang Y, Wang X, Garg S, Moussa S, Alrashoud M (2025) Fault-tolerant differential privacy routing of human-cyber-physical fusion systems for large language models security IEEE Inter of Things J Early Access","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3564766"},{"key":"8540_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pramitarini Y, Perdana RHY, Shim K, An B (2025) Secure multicast routing against collaborative attacks in FANETs with CF-mMIMO and STAR-RIS: blockchain and federated learning design IEEE Inter of Things J, Early Access","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3551746"},{"key":"8540_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"T Saravanan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saravanan T, Preetham DS, Venkatasubramanian A (2025) Optimized Adaptive Routing and Link Health Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using Enhanced Meta Ant Advanced Beaconing with Integrated Auto-Repair and Security Protocols. Proc AI-Driven Smart Healthcare for Society 5:1\u20138","journal-title":"Proc AI-Driven Smart Healthcare for Society"},{"key":"8540_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna CB, Udayakumar SK, Adusumilli SBK, Mohan CR, Keerthika T, Mudholkar P (2025) AI POWERED cryptography for secure machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in IoT networks in Proc. International Conference on Pervasive Computational Technologies (ICPCT) 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPCT64145.2025.10941066"},{"issue":"17","key":"8540_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9758","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179758","volume":"15","author":"AW Chigaba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chigaba AW, Nleya SM, Velempini M, Dube SS (2025) A multi-objective genetic algorithm\u2013deep reinforcement learning framework for spectrum sharing in 6G cognitive radio networks. Appl Sci 15(17):9758","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"8540_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25072025","author":"W Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai W, Zheng G, Xia W, Mu Y, Xue Y (2025) Multi-user opportunistic spectrum access for cognitive radio networks based on multi-head self-attention and multi-agent deep reinforcement learning. Sensors (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25072025","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"8540_CR40","volume":"27","author":"UC Ukpong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ukpong UC et al (2025) Deep reinforcement learning agents for dynamic spectrum access in television whitespace cognitive radio networks. Sci Afr 27:e02523","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"issue":"6","key":"8540_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan14060109","volume":"14","author":"AA Raji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Raji AA, Olwal TO (2025) Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio Internet of Things: State-of-the-art, applications, challenges, and future prospects. J Sens Actuator Netw 14(6):109","journal-title":"J Sens Actuator Netw"},{"key":"8540_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2025.101635","volume":"32","author":"SO Adebayo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adebayo SO, Barnawi A, Sheltami T, Felemban M (2025) Dynamic spectrum sharing in heterogeneous wireless networks using deep reinforcement learning. Internet of Things 32:101635","journal-title":"Internet of Things"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:51:53Z","timestamp":1778086313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["8540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08540-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. No funding was received from any organization that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. The authors have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"401"}}