{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:59:39Z","timestamp":1780768779644,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["No.21XTQ015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.21XTQ015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Supercomput"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:18:32Z","timestamp":1780766312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PPFL-CRF: privacy-preserving federated learning with cryptographic reverse firewalls"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Yiping","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8562_CR1","unstructured":"McMahan HB, Moore E, Ramage D, Arcas BA (2016) Federated learning of deep networks using model averaging. arXiv:1602.05629"},{"key":"8562_CR2","unstructured":"Zhu L, Liu Z, Han S (2019) Deep leakage from gradients. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 32"},{"key":"8562_CR3","unstructured":"Mugunthan V, Polychroniadou A, Byrd D, Balch TH (2019) SMPAI: Secure multi-party computation for federated learning. In: Proceedings of the NeurIPS 2019 Workshop on Robust AI in Financial Services, vol. 21. MIT Press, Vancouver, Canada"},{"key":"8562_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen B (2019) An efficient federated learning scheme with differential privacy in mobile edge computing. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, pp. 538\u2013550. Springer, Nanjing, China","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32388-2_46"},{"key":"8562_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3163592","volume":"18","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Z, Guo J, Lam K-Y, Zhao J (2022) Efficient dropout-resilient aggregation for privacy-preserving machine learning. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 18:1839\u20131854","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"4","key":"8562_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1985.1057074","volume":"31","author":"T ElGamal","year":"1985","unstructured":"ElGamal T (1985) A public key cryptosystem and a signature scheme based on discrete logarithms. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 31(4):469\u2013472","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"key":"8562_CR7","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 1999","author":"P Paillier","year":"1999","unstructured":"Paillier P (1999) Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 1999. Springer, Prague, Czech Republic, pp 223\u2013238"},{"key":"8562_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-40061-5_3","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2003","author":"E Bresson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bresson E, Catalano D, Pointcheval D (2003) A simple public-key cryptosystem with a double trapdoor decryption mechanism and its applications. Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2003. Springer, Taipei, China, pp 37\u201354"},{"key":"8562_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_15","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2017","author":"JH Cheon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheon JH, Kim A, Kim M, Song Y (2017) Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers. Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2017. Springer, Hong Kong, China, pp 409\u2013437"},{"issue":"3","key":"8562_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3297596","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Miao Y, Li X, Wei L, Liu Z, Choo K-KR, Deng RH (2023) Efficient privacy-preserving federated learning with improved compressed sensing. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 20(3):3316\u20133326","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"8562_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102993","volume":"124","author":"S Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu S, Li R, Liu W, Guan C, Yang X (2023) Top-k sparsification with secure aggregation for privacy-preserving federated learning. Computers & Security 124:102993","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"8562_CR12","first-page":"8380239","volume":"1","author":"W Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du W, Li M, Han Y, Wang XA (2022) Wei Z (2022) A homomorphic signcryption-based privacy preserving federated learning framework for IoTs. Security and Communication Networks 1:8380239","journal-title":"Security and Communication Networks"},{"key":"8562_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.12.070","volume":"118","author":"B Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu B, Niu L (2025) A privacy-preserving federated learning scheme with homomorphic encryption and edge computing. Alex Eng J 118:11\u201320","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"issue":"10","key":"8562_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8878","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3233024","volume":"10","author":"L Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin L, Zhang X (2022) PPVerifier: A privacy-preserving and verifiable federated learning method in cloud-edge collaborative computing environment. IEEE Internet Things J 10(10):8878\u20138892","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8562_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.05.010","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Liu Y, Wu D, Lou S, Chen B, Yu S (2023) VPFL: A verifiable privacy-preserving federated learning scheme for edge computing systems. Digital Communications and Networks 9(4):981\u2013989","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"8562_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.05.019","volume":"10","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wang B, Jiang H, Duan P, Ping Y, Hong Z (2024) PEPFL: A framework for a practical and efficient privacy-preserving federated learning. Digital Communications and Networks 10(2):355\u2013368","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"issue":"24","key":"8562_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39681","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3445964","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Wang R, Xiong L, Xiong N, Liu Z (2024) SAEV: Secure aggregation and efficient verification for privacy-preserving federated learning. IEEE Internet Things J 11(24):39681\u201339696","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"20","key":"8562_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18364","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3279830","volume":"10","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, Mao Y, Li S, Li J, Chen X (2023) Privacy-preserving federal learning chain for internet of things. IEEE Internet Things J 10(20):18364\u201318374","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"8562_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110677","volume":"146","author":"B Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang B, Li H, Guo Y, Wang J (2023) PPFLHE: A privacy-preserving federated learning scheme with homomorphic encryption for healthcare data. Appl Soft Comput 146:110677","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"8562_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-023-00978-9","volume":"9","author":"W Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du W, Li M, Wu L, Han Y, Zhou T, Yang X (2023) A efficient and robust privacy-preserving framework for cross-device federated learning. Complex & Intelligent Systems 9(5):4923\u20134937","journal-title":"Complex & Intelligent Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"8562_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14229","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3524632","volume":"12","author":"B Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han B, Li B, Jurdak R, Zhang P, Zhang H, Feng P, Yuen C (2025) PBFL: A privacy-preserving blockchain-based federated learning framework with homomorphic encryption and single masking. IEEE Internet Things J 12(10):14229\u201314243","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"8562_CR22","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2014","author":"M Bellare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellare M, Paterson KG, Rogaway P (2014) Security of symmetric encryption against mass surveillance. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2014. Springer, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, pp 1\u201319"},{"key":"8562_CR23","unstructured":"Costan V, Devadas S (2016) Intel SGX explained. Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"8562_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53890-6_2","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2016","author":"A Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell A, Tang Q, Yung M, Zhou H-S (2016) Cliptography: Clipping the power of kleptographic attacks. Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2016. Springer, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp 34\u201364"},{"key":"8562_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_22","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015","author":"I Mironov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mironov I, Stephens-Davidowitz N (2015) Cryptographic reverse firewalls. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2015. Springer, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 657\u2013686"},{"key":"8562_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98989-1_25","volume-title":"European Symposium on Research in Computer Security","author":"H Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma H, Zhang R, Yang G, Song Z, Sun S, Xiao Y (2018) Concessive online\/offline attribute based encryption with cryptographic reverse firewalls\u2013secure and efficient fine-grained access control on corrupted machines. European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, Barcelona, Spain, pp 507\u2013526"},{"key":"8562_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2020.101754","volume":"109","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Guo J, Li F (2020) Certificateless public key encryption with cryptographic reverse firewalls. J Syst Architect 109:101754","journal-title":"J Syst Architect"},{"issue":"1","key":"8562_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2021.3095498","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Hu Z, Li F (2021) Searchable public-key encryption with cryptographic reverse firewalls for cloud storage. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 11(1):383\u2013396","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing"},{"key":"8562_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.05.007","volume":"604","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhao L, Jin Y, Li F (2022) Backdoor-resistant identity-based proxy re-encryption for cloud-assisted wireless body area networks. Inf Sci 604:80\u201396","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8562_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2023.3266459","volume":"11","author":"C Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang C, Xu C, Zhang Z, Chen K (2023) SR-PEKS: Subversion-resistant public key encryption with keyword search. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 11(3):3168\u20133183","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing"},{"key":"8562_CR31","first-page":"79","volume-title":"International Conference on Big Data Technologies and Applications","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Ke X-Y, Pang Y-W, Xiong H, Zhu G-B, Yeh K-H (2023) Revocable attribute-based encryption scheme with cryptographic reverse firewalls. International Conference on Big Data Technologies and Applications. Springer, Edinburgh, UK, pp 79\u201394"},{"issue":"4","key":"8562_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3405496","volume":"70","author":"R Elhabob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elhabob R, Eltayieb N, Xiong H, Khan F, Bashir AK, Kumari S, Alturki R, Kumar S (2024) Equality test public key encryption with cryptographic reverse firewalls for cloud-based e-commerce. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 70(4):6763\u20136775","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Consum Electron"},{"issue":"2","key":"8562_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2024.3366435","volume":"12","author":"Y Ming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ming Y, Liu H, Wang C, Zhao Y (2024) Generic construction: Cryptographic reverse firewalls for public key encryption with keyword search in cloud storage. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing 12(2):405\u2013418","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"8562_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3533757","volume":"26","author":"Y Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin Y, Xiong H, Su H, Yeh K-H (2025) Multi-authority CP-ABE scheme with cryptographic reverse firewalls for internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 26(4):5348\u20135359","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"8562_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.08.002","volume":"162","author":"N Eltayieb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eltayieb N, Elhabob R, Abdelgader AM, Liao Y, Li F, Zhou S (2025) Certificateless proxy re-encryption with cryptographic reverse firewalls for secure cloud data sharing. Futur Gener Comput Syst 162:107478","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"8562_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2025.3543044","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhao L, Li F (2025) Exfiltration-resistant proxy re-encryption for IoT data sharing in unreliable clouds. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 22(4):4070\u20134085","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"8562_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53018-4_13","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2016","author":"Y Dodis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dodis Y, Mironov I, Stephens-Davidowitz N (2016) Message transmission with reverse firewalls\u2013secure communication on corrupted machines. Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2016. Springer, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, pp 341\u2013372"},{"key":"8562_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2020.03.021","volume":"820","author":"G Ateniese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ateniese G, Magri B, Venturi D (2020) Subversion-resilient signatures: Definitions, constructions and applications. Theoret Comput Sci 820:91\u2013122","journal-title":"Theoret Comput Sci"},{"key":"8562_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102029","volume":"116","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ouyang M, Wang Z, Li F (2021) Digital signature with cryptographic reverse firewalls. J Syst Architect 116:102029","journal-title":"J Syst Architect"},{"key":"8562_CR40","first-page":"82","volume-title":"International Conference on Frontiers in Cyber Security","author":"C Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin C, Zhou W, Li L, Liu C, Chen X (2023) Blockchain-based signature scheme with cryptographic reverse firewalls for IoV. International Conference on Frontiers in Cyber Security. Springer, Chengdu, China, pp 82\u201395"},{"key":"8562_CR41","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2023 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science","author":"B Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang B, Lian H, Zhou X, Zhou W (2023) Cryptographic reverse firewall for digital signature in fog computing. 2023 6th International Conference on Software Engineering and Computer Science. IEEE, Chengdu, China, pp 1\u20137"},{"issue":"7","key":"8562_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3546642","volume":"74","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ouyang M, Sun Q, Li F (2025) Subversion-resistant identity-based aggregate signature with reverse firewalls for IoV. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 74(7):10841\u201310852","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"8562_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38348-9_3","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2013","author":"V Lyubashevsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lyubashevsky V, Peikert C, Regev O (2013) A toolkit for ring-LWE cryptography. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2013. Springer, Athens, Greece, pp 35\u201354"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Supercomputing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:18:35Z","timestamp":1780766315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["8562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-026-08562-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0484","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"480"}}