{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:04:44Z","timestamp":1774541084231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T10:51:18Z","timestamp":1318935078000},"page":"11-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Rationality of belief or: why savage\u2019s axioms are neither necessary nor sufficient for rationality"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Postlewaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Schmeidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"34_CR1","volume-title":"Ambiguity in a two-country world","author":"I. Alonso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alonso I. (2005) Ambiguity in a two-country world. Mimeo, Princeton University, Princeton"},{"key":"34_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805775014308","volume":"95","author":"E. Aragon\u00e8s","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aragon\u00e8s E., Gilboa I., Postlewaite A. W., Schmeidler D. (2005) Fact-free learning. American Economic Review 95: 1355\u20131368","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"34_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s102030200006","volume":"25","author":"T. Bewley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bewley T. (2002) Knightian decision theory: Part I. Decisions in Economics and Finance 25: 79\u2013110 (Working paper, 1986)","journal-title":"Decisions in Economics and Finance"},{"key":"34_CR4","volume-title":"The continuum of inductive methods","author":"R. Carnap","year":"1952","unstructured":"Carnap R. (1952) The continuum of inductive methods. University of Chicago Press, Chicago"},{"key":"34_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/1885060","volume":"102","author":"I.-K. Cho","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cho I.-K., Kreps D. M. (1987) Signaling games and stable equilibria. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 102: 179\u2013222","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"34_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"B. Finetti de","year":"1937","unstructured":"de Finetti B. (1937) La Prevision: Ses Lois Logiques, Ses Sources Subjectives. Annales de l\u2019Institute Henri Poincare 7: 1\u201368","journal-title":"Annales de l\u2019Institute Henri Poincare"},{"key":"34_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2307\/2951685","volume":"60","author":"J. Dow","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dow J., Werlang S. R. C. (1992) Uncertainty aversion, risk aversion, and the optimal choice of portfolio. Econometrica 60: 197\u2013204","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"34_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1889(02)00059-3","volume":"27","author":"L. G. Epstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Epstein L. G., Miao J. (2003) A two-person dynamic equilibrium under ambiguity. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 27: 1253\u20131288","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control"},{"key":"34_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0531(03)00121-2","volume":"113","author":"L. G. Epstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Epstein L. G., Schneider M. (2003) Recursive multiple priors. Journal of Economic Theory 113: 32\u201350","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"key":"34_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2307\/2951614","volume":"62","author":"L. G. Epstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Epstein L. G., Wang T. (1994) Intertemporal asset pricing under knightian uncertainty. Econometrica 62: 283\u2013322","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"34_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1995.1065","volume":"67","author":"L. G. Epstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Epstein L. G., Wang T. (1995) Uncertainty, risk-neutral measures and security price booms and crashes. Journal of Economic Theory 67: 40\u201382","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"key":"34_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2307\/1884324","volume":"75","author":"D. Ellsberg","year":"1961","unstructured":"Ellsberg D. (1961) Risk, ambiguity and the savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics 75: 643\u2013669","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"34_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s001990100188","volume":"20","author":"P. Ghirardato","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ghirardato P. (2002) Revisiting savage in a conditional world. Economic Theory 20: 83\u201392","journal-title":"Economic Theory"},{"key":"34_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4068(89)90018-9","volume":"18","author":"I. Gilboa","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gilboa I., Schmeidler D. (1989) Maxmin expected utility with a non-unique prior. Journal of Mathematical Economics 18: 141\u2013153","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Economics"},{"key":"34_CR15","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of rational and social choice","author":"A. H\u00e1jek","year":"2008","unstructured":"H\u00e1jek A. (2008) Dutch book arguments. In: Paul Anand, Prasanta P., Clemens P. (eds) The Oxford handbook of rational and social choice. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"34_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/redy.2001.0132","volume":"4","author":"L. P. Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen L. P., Sargent T. J. (2001) Acknowledging misspecification in macroeconomic theory. Review of Economic Dynamics 4: 519\u2013535","journal-title":"Review of Economic Dynamics"},{"key":"34_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3932(03)00026-6","volume":"50","author":"L. P. Hansen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hansen L. P., Sargent T. J. (2003) Robust control of forward-looking models. Journal of Monetary Economics 50: 581\u2013604","journal-title":"Journal of Monetary Economics"},{"key":"34_CR18","volume-title":"Robustness","author":"P. Hansen L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hansen L. P., Sargent T. J. (2006) Robustness. Princeton University Press, Princeton (forthcoming)"},{"key":"34_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816161","volume-title":"Subjective probability: The real thing","author":"R. Jeffrey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeffrey R. (2004) Subjective probability: The real thing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"34_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","volume":"47","author":"D. Kahneman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kahneman D., Tversky A. (1979) Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47: 263\u2013291","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"34_CR21","volume-title":"Risk, uncertainty, and profit","author":"F. H. Knight","year":"1921","unstructured":"Knight F. H. (1921) Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Houghton Mifflin, Boston"},{"key":"34_CR22","volume-title":"The enterprise of knowledge: An essay on knowledge, credal probability, and chance","author":"I. Levi","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levi I. (1980) MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"34_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511662973","volume-title":"Introduction to probability and statistics from a Bayesian viewpoint","author":"D. Lindley","year":"1965","unstructured":"Lindley D. (1965) Introduction to probability and statistics from a Bayesian viewpoint. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"34_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2307\/2951565","volume":"60","author":"M. J. Machina","year":"1992","unstructured":"Machina M. J., Schmeidler D. (1992) A more robust definition of subjective probability. Econometrica 60: 745\u2013780","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"34_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1995.1067","volume":"67","author":"M.J. Machina","year":"1995","unstructured":"Machina M.J., Schmeidler D. (1995) Bayes without bernoulli: Simple conditions for probabilistically sophisticated choice. JET 67: 106\u2013128","journal-title":"JET"},{"key":"34_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1993.1043","volume":"60","author":"G. Mailath","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mailath G., Masahiro O.-F., Andrew P. (1993) On belief based refinements in signaling games. Journal of Economic Theory 60: 241\u2013276","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"key":"34_CR27","volume-title":"Microeconomic theory","author":"A. Mas-Collel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mas-Collel A., Michael W., Jerry G. (1995) Microeconomic theory. Oxford Press, New York"},{"key":"34_CR28","first-page":"1207","volume":"88","author":"S. Mukerji","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mukerji S. (1998) Ambiguity aversion and the incompleteness of contractual form. American Economic Review 88: 1207\u20131232","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"34_CR29","volume-title":"The foundation of mathematics and other logical essays","author":"F.P. Ramsey","year":"1931","unstructured":"Ramsey F.P. (1931) Truth and probability. In: Braithwaite R.B. (eds) The foundation of mathematics and other logical essays. Brace and Co, New York: Harcourt"},{"key":"34_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2009.00564.x","volume":"77","author":"M. Rostek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rostek M. (2010) Quantile maximization in decision theory. The Review of Economic Studies 77: 339\u2013371","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"34_CR31","unstructured":"Savage, L. J. (1954). The foundations of statistics. New York: John Wiley and Sons. (Second addition in 1972, Dover)."},{"key":"34_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2307\/1911053","volume":"57","author":"D. Schmeidler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schmeidler D. (1989) Subjective probability and expected utility without additivity. Econometrica 57: 571\u2013587 (Working paper, 1982)","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"34_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177013518","volume":"1","author":"G. Shafer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Shafer G. (1986) Savage revisited. Statistical Science 1: 463\u2013486","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"34_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A. Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky A., Kahneman D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124\u20131131","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"34_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.35.2.151","volume":"35","author":"R. B. Zajonc","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zajonc R. B. (1980) Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist 35: 151\u2013175","journal-title":"American Psychologist"}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T10:36:48Z","timestamp":1559385408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["34"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-011-0034-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]}}}