{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:52:53Z","timestamp":1780548773375,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T19:25:54Z","timestamp":1398885954000},"page":"3557-3573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A defense of indeterminate distinctness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Akiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0031-8094.2000.00191.x","volume":"50","author":"K Akiba","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akiba, K. (2000a). Vagueness as a modality. Philosophical Quarterly, 50, 359\u2013370.","journal-title":"Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"462_CR2","first-page":"389","volume":"37","author":"K Akiba","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akiba, K. (2000b). Identity is simple. American Philosophical Quarterly, 37, 389\u2013404.","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0029-4624.2004.00476.x","volume":"38","author":"K Akiba","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akiba, K. (2004). Vagueness in the world. No\u00fbs, 38, 407\u2013429.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiba, K. (2014). Introduction. In Akiba and Abasnezhad (2014, pp. 1\u201321).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7978-5_1"},{"key":"462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiba, K., & Abasnezhad, A. (Eds.). (2014). Vague objects and vague identity. Dordrecht: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7978-5"},{"key":"462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2307\/2267171","volume":"12","author":"R Barcan","year":"1947","unstructured":"Barcan, R. (1947). The identity of individuals in a strict functional calculus of second order. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 12, 12\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Symbolic Logic"},{"key":"462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9314-x","volume":"168","author":"E Barnes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barnes, E. (2009). Indeterminacy, identity and counterparts: Evans reconsidered. Synthese, 168, 81\u201396.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199603039.003.0003","volume-title":"Oxford studies in metaphysics","author":"E Barnes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barnes, E., & Williams, J. R. G. (2011). A theory of metaphysical indeterminacy. In K. Bennett & D. W. Zimmerman (Eds.), Oxford studies in metaphysics (Vol. 6, pp. 103\u2013148). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"462_CR9","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Episteme, etc.: Essays in honor of Jonathan Barnes","author":"S Bobzien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bobzien, S. (2012). If it\u2019s clear, then it\u2019s clear that it\u2019s clear, or is it? Higher-order vagueness and the S4 axiom. In B. Morison & K. Ierodiakonou (Eds.), Episteme, etc.: Essays in honor of Jonathan Barnes (pp. 189\u2013212). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00485048","volume":"30","author":"M Dummett","year":"1975","unstructured":"Dummett, M. (1975). Wang\u2019s paradox. Synthese, 30, 301\u2013324.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgington, D. (2000). Indeterminacy de re. Philosophical Topics, 28, 27\u201344.","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics20002818"},{"key":"462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/38.4.208","volume":"38","author":"G Evans","year":"1978","unstructured":"Evans, G. (1978). Can there be vague objects? Analysis, 38, 208.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/0029-4624.00200","volume":"34","author":"H Field","year":"2000","unstructured":"Field, H. (2000). Indeterminacy, degree of belief, and excluded middle. No\u00fbs, 34, 1\u201330.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00485047","volume":"30","author":"K Fine","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fine, K. (1975). Vagueness, truth and logic. Synthese, 30, 265\u2013300.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"462_CR15","unstructured":"Geach, P. (1962). Reference and generality. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00693273","volume":"4","author":"A Gibbard","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gibbard, A. (1975). Contingent identity. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 4, 187\u2013222.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/112.446.235","volume":"112","author":"P Greenough","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greenough, P. (2003). Vagueness: A minimal theory. Mind, 112, 235\u2013281.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0066-7372.2003.00046.x","volume":"102","author":"K Hawley","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hawley, K. (2002). Vagueness and existence. Proceedings of Aristotelian Society, 102, 125\u2013140.","journal-title":"Proceedings of Aristotelian Society"},{"key":"462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203290644","volume-title":"A new introduction to modal logic","author":"GE Hughes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hughes, G. E., & Cresswell, M. J. (1996). A new introduction to modal logic. London: Routledge."},{"key":"462_CR20","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Identity and individuation","author":"S Kripke","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kripke, S. (1971). Identity and necessity. In M. Munitz (Ed.), Identity and individuation (pp. 135\u2013164). New York: New York University Press."},{"key":"462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/48.3.128","volume":"48","author":"D Lewis","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lewis, D. (1988). Vague identity: Evans misunderstood. Analysis, 48, 128\u2013130.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"462_CR22","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Ontology, causality, and mind","author":"D Lewis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lewis, D. (1993). Many, but almost one. In K. Campbell, J. Bacon, & L. Reinhardt (Eds.), Ontology, causality, and mind (pp. 23\u201338). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00486629","volume":"13","author":"R Marcus","year":"1961","unstructured":"Marcus, R. (1961). Modality and intensional languages. Synthese, 13, 303\u2013322.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2214141","volume":"1","author":"T Parsons","year":"1987","unstructured":"Parsons, T. (1987). Entities without identity. Philosophical Perspectives, 1, 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives"},{"key":"462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198250449.001.0001","volume-title":"Indeterminate identity","author":"T Parsons","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parsons, T. (2000). Indeterminate identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/95.1.171","volume":"95","author":"T Parsons","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parsons, T., & Woodruff, P. (1995). Worldly indeterminacy of identity. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 95, 171\u2013191.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society"},{"key":"462_CR27","unstructured":"Salmon, N. (1981). Reference and essence. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"462_CR28","volume-title":"Self-knowledge and self-identity","author":"S Shoemaker","year":"1963","unstructured":"Shoemaker, S. (1963). Self-knowledge and self-identity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"462_CR29","volume-title":"Personal Identity","author":"S Shoemaker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shoemaker, S., & Swinburne, S. (1984). Personal Identity. Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2007.00671.x","volume":"42","author":"NJJ Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith, N. J. J. (2008). Why sense cannot be made of vague identity. No\u00fbs, 42, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Inwagen, P. (1988). How to reason about vague objects. Philosophical Topics, 16, 255\u2013284.","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics19881619"},{"key":"462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weatherson, B. (2003). Many, many problems. Philosophical Quarterly, 53, 481\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9213.00327"},{"key":"462_CR33","unstructured":"Williams, J. R. G. (2008). Multiple actualities and ontically vague identity. Philosophical Quarterly, 58, 134\u2013154."},{"key":"462_CR34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Essays for David Wiggins: Identity, truth and value","author":"T Williamson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Williamson, T. (1996). The necessity and determinacy of distinctness. In S. Lovibond & S. G. Williams (Eds.), Essays for David Wiggins: Identity, truth and value (pp. 1\u201317). Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/108.429.127","volume":"108","author":"T Williamson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williamson, T. (1999). On the structure of higher-order vagueness. Mind, 108, 127\u2013143.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1866-0_14","volume-title":"Individual essence and identity","author":"T Williamson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Williamson, T. (2002). Vagueness, identity and Leibniz\u2019s law. In A. Bottani, M. Carrara, & P. Giaretta (Eds.), Individual essence and identity (pp. 273\u2013304). Dordrecht: Kluwer."}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T01:12:32Z","timestamp":1565399552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0462-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}