{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:49:17Z","timestamp":1772261357014,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,8]],"date-time":"2014-09-08T12:38:10Z","timestamp":1410179890000},"page":"603-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["David Lewis in the lab: experimental results on the emergence of meaning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Bruner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cailin","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Huttegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"535_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-009-9455-x","volume":"147","author":"J Alexander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alexander, J. (2010). Local interactions and dynamics of rational deliberation. Philosophical Studies, 147(1), 103\u2013121.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"535_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2307\/1907921","volume":"21","author":"PM Allais","year":"1953","unstructured":"Allais, P. M. (1953). Le comportement de l\u2019homme rationnel devant le risque: Critique des postulats et axiomes de l\u2019ecole americane. Econometrica, 21, 503\u2013546.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"535_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spa.2008.02.014","volume":"119","author":"A Argiento","year":"2009","unstructured":"Argiento, A., Pemantle, R., Skyrms, B., & Volkov, S. (2009). Learning to signal: Analysis of a micro-level reinforcement model. Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 119, 373\u2013390.","journal-title":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications"},{"key":"535_CR4","unstructured":"Barrett, J. A. (2006). Numerical simulations of the Lewis signaling game: Learning strategies, pooling equilibria, and the evolution of grammar. Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences. Paper 54. http:\/\/repositories.cdlib.org\/imbs\/54 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266267113000187","volume":"29","author":"C Bicchieri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bicchieri, C., & Chavez, A. (2013). Norm manipulation, norm evasion: Experimental evidence. Economics and Philosophy, 29(2), 175\u2013198.","journal-title":"Economics and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1470594X07077267","volume":"6","author":"C Bicchieri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bicchieri, C., & Lev-On, A. (2007). Computer-mediated communication and cooperation in social dilemmas: An experimental analysis. Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, 6(2), 139\u2013168.","journal-title":"Politics, Philosophy, and Economics"},{"key":"535_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2001.2910","volume":"104","author":"K Binmore","year":"2002","unstructured":"Binmore, K., McCarthy, J., Ponti, G., Samuelson, L., & Shaked, A. (2002). A backward induction experiment. Journal of Economic Theory, 104, 48\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"535_CR8","first-page":"1323","volume":"88","author":"A Blume","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blume, A., DeJong, D. V., Kim, Y. G., & Sprinkle, G. B. (1998). Experimental evidence on the evolution of meaning of messages in sender-receiver games. The American Economic Review, 88(5), 1323\u20131340.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"535_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/game.2000.0830","volume":"37","author":"A Blume","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blume, A., DeJong, D. V., Kim, Y. G., & Sprinkle, G. B. (2001). Evolution and communication with partial common interest. Games and Economic Behavior, 37(1), 79\u2013120.","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"key":"535_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.647","volume":"17","author":"A Blume","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blume, A., DeJong, D. V., Neumann, G. R., & Savin, N. E. (2002). Learning and communication in sender-receiver games: An econometric investigation. Journal of Applied Economics, 17, 225\u2013247.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Economics"},{"key":"535_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1997.2319","volume":"77","author":"T B\u00f6rgers","year":"1997","unstructured":"B\u00f6rgers, T., & Sarin, R. (1997). Learning through reinforcement and replicator dynamics. Journal of Economic Theory, 77, 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"535_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302760193904","volume":"117","author":"G Charness","year":"2002","unstructured":"Charness, G., & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817\u2013869.","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"535_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1163\/1571806054741100","volume":"10","author":"R Croson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Croson, R. (2005). The method of experimental economics. International Negotiation, 10, 131\u2013148.","journal-title":"International Negotiation"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR14","first-page":"179","volume":"8","author":"D Davis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davis, D., & Holt, C. A. (1993). Experimental economics: Methods, problems and promise. Estudios Econ\u00f3micos, 8(2), 179\u2013212.","journal-title":"Estudios Econ\u00f3micos"},{"issue":"3","key":"535_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2007.00083.x","volume":"2","author":"Z Ernst","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ernst, Z. (2007). Philosophical issues arising from experimental economics. Philosophy Compass, 2(3), 497\u2013507.","journal-title":"Philosophy Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"535_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.90.4.980","volume":"90","author":"E Fehr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fehr, E., & G\u00e4chter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 980\u2013994.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-9159-4","volume":"10","author":"U Fischbacher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fischbacher, U. (2007). z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economics experiments. Experimental Economics, 10(2), 171\u2013178.","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"key":"535_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520914490","volume-title":"Choosing justice: An experimental approach to ethical theory","author":"N Frolich","year":"1992","unstructured":"Frolich, N., & Oppenheimer, J. (1992). Choosing justice: An experimental approach to ethical theory. Berkeley: California University Press."},{"key":"535_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2681(82)90011-7","volume":"3","author":"W Guth","year":"1982","unstructured":"Guth, W., Schmittberger, R., & Schwarze, B. (1982). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, 367\u2013388.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"key":"535_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.07.010","volume":"254","author":"J Hofbauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofbauer, J., & Huttegger, S. (2008). Feasibility of communication in binary signaling games. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 254, 843\u2013849.","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"535_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802762024700","volume":"92","author":"C Holt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holt, C., & Laury, S. (2002). Risk aversion and incentive effects. The American Economic Review, 92(5), 1644\u20131655.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"535_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00372","volume":"70","author":"E Hopkins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hopkins, E. (2002). Two competing models of how people learn in games. Econometrica, 70(6), 2141\u20132166.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"535_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/519477","volume":"74","author":"SM Huttegger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huttegger, S. M. (2007). Evolution and the explanation of meaning. Philosophy of Science, 74, 1\u201327.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"535_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"94","author":"SM Huttegger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huttegger, S. M., & Zollman, K. (2010). Dynamic stability and basins of attraction in the sir philip sidney game. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 94, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"535_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18006-4_8","volume-title":"Language, games, and evolution","author":"SM Huttegger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huttegger, S. M., & Zollman, K. J. S. (2011). Signaling games: Dynamics of evolution and learning. Language, games, and evolution (pp. 160\u2013176). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"535_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-009-9477-0","volume":"172","author":"SM Huttegger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huttegger, S. M., Skyrms, B., Smead, R., & Zollman, K. J. S. (2010). Evolutionary dynamics of Lewis signaling games: Signaling systems versus partial pooling. Synthese, 172(1), 177\u2013191.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"535_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10873","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400838111","volume":"111","author":"SM Huttegger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huttegger, S. M., Skyrms, B., Tarr\u00e8s, P., & Wagner, E. O. (2010). Some dynamics of signaling games. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, 10873\u201310880.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA"},{"key":"535_CR28","volume-title":"Convention","author":"DK Lewis","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lewis, D. K. (1969). Convention. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"535_CR29","first-page":"658","volume":"84","author":"J Mehta","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mehta, J., Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (1994). The nature of salience: An experimental investigation of pure coordination games. The American Economic Review, 84(3), 658\u2013673.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"535_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1470594X11417115","volume":"11","author":"R Muldoon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muldoon, R., Borgida, M., & Cuffaro, M. (2011). The conditions of tolerance. Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, 11(3), 322\u2013344.","journal-title":"Politics, Philosophy, and Economics"},{"key":"535_CR31","first-page":"704","volume":"79","author":"C O\u2019Connor","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, C. (2013). The evolution of vagueness. Erkenntnis, 79, 704\u2013727.","journal-title":"Erkenntnis"},{"key":"535_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2007.08.009","volume":"63","author":"C Pawlowitsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pawlowitsch, C. (2008). Why evolution does not always lead to an optimal signaling system. Games and Economic Behavior, 63, 203\u2013226.","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"key":"535_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2006.06.011","volume":"66","author":"B Powell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Powell, B., & Wilson, B. (2008). An experimental investigation of hobbesian jungles. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 66, 669\u2013686.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"key":"535_CR34","volume-title":"The strategy of conflict","author":"TC Schelling","year":"1960","unstructured":"Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"535_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-009-9452-0","volume":"147","author":"B Skyms","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skyms, B. (2010). The flow of information in signaling games. Philosophical Studies, 147, 155\u2013165.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"535_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199580828.001.0001","volume-title":"Signals: Evolution, learning, and information","author":"B Skyrms","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skyrms, B. (2010). Signals: Evolution, learning, and information. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"535_CR37","unstructured":"Smith, A. (1761). Considerations concerning the first formation of languages. Appended to the second edition of The theory of moral sentiments."},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00355-011-0534-5","volume":"39","author":"A Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith, A., Skarbek, D., & Wilson, B. (2012). Anarchy, groups, and conflict: an experiment on the emergence of protective associations. Social Choice and Welfare, 39(2), 325\u2013353.","journal-title":"Social Choice and Welfare"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1086\/258609","volume":"70","author":"V Smith","year":"1962","unstructured":"Smith, V. (1962). An experimental study of competitive market behavior. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(2), 111\u2013137.","journal-title":"The Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR40","first-page":"274","volume":"66","author":"V Smith","year":"1976","unstructured":"Smith, V. (1976). Experimental economics: induced value theory. The American Economic Review, 66(2), 274\u2013279.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"535_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266267106000897","volume":"22","author":"P Vanderschraaf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vanderschraaf, P. (2006). War on peace? a dynamical analysis of anarchy. Economics and Philosophy, 22(2), 243\u2013279.","journal-title":"Economics and Philosophy"},{"key":"535_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-006-9147-4","volume":"157","author":"P Vanderschraaf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vanderschraaf, P. (2007). Covenants and reputations. Synthese, 157, 167\u2013195.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"535_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/g4020163","volume":"4","author":"EO Wagner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wagner, E. O. (2013). The dynamics of costly signaling. Games, 4, 161\u2013183.","journal-title":"Games"}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T04:54:38Z","timestamp":1598244878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-014-0535-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]}}}