{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:38:44Z","timestamp":1778319524550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466035200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T06:30:32Z","timestamp":1466058632000},"page":"3013-3033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Formulating reductionism about testimonial warrant and the challenge from childhood testimony"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1140_CR1","first-page":"405","volume":"34","author":"R Audi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Audi, R. (1997). The place of testimony in the fabric of knowledge and justification. American Philosophical Quarterly, 34, 405\u2013422.","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"1140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2011.00525.x","volume":"87","author":"R Audi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Audi, R. (2013). Testimony as a social foundation of knowledge. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 87, 507\u2013531.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"1140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.006","volume":"14","author":"RM Baillargeon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baillargeon, R. M., Scott, R., & He, Z. (2010). False belief understanding in infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 110\u2013118.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"1140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108308","volume":"9","author":"p Brosseau-Laird","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brosseau-Laird, p, Cassels, T., & Birch, S. (2014). You seem certain but you were wrong before. PLoS ONE, 9, e108308. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0108308 .","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1140_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2307\/2185680","volume":"102","author":"T Burge","year":"1993","unstructured":"Burge, T. (1993). Content preservation. The Philosophical Review, 102, 457\u2013488.","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"key":"1140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/96.1.91","volume":"96","author":"T Burge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burge, T. (1996). Our entitlement to self-knowledge. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 96, 91\u2013116.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society"},{"key":"1140_CR7","volume-title":"The philosophy of Donald Davidson","author":"T Burge","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burge, T. (1999). Comprehension and interpretation. In L. E. Hahn (Ed.), The philosophy of Donald Davidson. Chicago: Open Court."},{"key":"1140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2003.tb00307.x","volume":"67","author":"T Burge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burge, T. (2003). Perceptual entitlement. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67, 503\u2013548.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"1140_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199581405.001.0001","volume-title":"Origins of objectivity","author":"T Burge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burge, T. (2010). Origins of objectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199672028.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognition through understanding: philosophical essays","author":"T Burge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burge, T. (2013). Cognition through understanding: philosophical essays (Vol. 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-010-0022-3","volume":"1","author":"F Clement","year":"2010","unstructured":"Clement, F. (2010). To trust or not to trust? Children\u2019s social epistemology. Review of Philosophical Psychology, 1, 531\u2013549.","journal-title":"Review of Philosophical Psychology"},{"key":"1140_CR12","volume-title":"Testimony: A philosophical study","author":"CAJ Coady","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coady, C. A. J. (1992). Testimony: A philosophical study. Oxford: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"1140_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/auk-2012-0203","volume":"2","author":"C Cole","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cole, C., Harris, P., & Koenig, M. (2012). Entitled to trust? Philosophical frameworks and the evidence from children. Analyse & Kritik, 2, 195\u2013216.","journal-title":"Analyse & Kritik"},{"key":"1140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/104.414.393","volume":"104","author":"E Fricker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fricker, E. (1995). Telling and trusting: Reductionism and anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony. Mind, 104, 393\u2013411.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1140_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-3681(02)00006-7","volume":"33","author":"E Fricker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fricker, E. (2002). Trusting others in the sciences: A priori or empirical warrant? Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 33, 373\u2013383.","journal-title":"Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"1140_CR16","volume-title":"The epistemology of testimony","author":"R Fumerton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fumerton, R. (2006). The epistemic role of testimony. In J. Lackey & E. Sosa (Eds.), The epistemology of testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00586.x","volume":"72","author":"S Goldberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldberg, S., & Henderson, D. (2007). Monitoring and anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 72, 600\u2013617.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"1140_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2007.00113.x","volume":"76","author":"S Goldberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldberg, S. (2008). Testimonial knowledge in early childhood revisited. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 76, 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"1140_CR19","volume-title":"The Epistemology of Testimony","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2006a). Liberal fundamentalism and its rivals. In J. Lackey & E. Sosa (Eds.), The Epistemology of Testimony. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9213.2005.00430.x","volume":"56","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2006b). Testimonial justification: Inferential or non-inferential? The Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 84\u201395.","journal-title":"The Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"1140_CR21","volume-title":"Social Epistemology","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2010). Testimonial entitlement and the function of comprehension. In A. Haddock, A. Millar, & D. Pritchard (Eds.), Social Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2010.00815.x","volume":"46","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2012). Epistemic entitlement. Nous, 46, 449\u2013482.","journal-title":"Nous"},{"key":"1140_CR23","volume-title":"Moral and intellectual virtues in western and Chinese philosophy: The turn toward virtue","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2016a). Testimony as speech act, testimony as source. In C. Mi, M. Slote, & E. Sosa (Eds.), Moral and intellectual virtues in western and Chinese philosophy: The turn toward virtue. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"1140_CR24","volume-title":"Performance epistemology","author":"PJ Graham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graham, P. J. (2016b). Against actual-world reliabilism: Epistemically correct procedures and reliably true outcomes. In M. A. Fernandez (Ed.), Performance epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR25","unstructured":"Graham, Peter J. (forthcoming). Sincerity and the reliability of testimony: Burge on the a priori basis of testimonial warrant. In A. Stokke & E. Michaelson (Eds.), Lying: Language, knowledge and ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, P., & Corriveau, K. (2011). Young children\u2019s selective trust in informants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Britain, 366, 1179\u20131187.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0321"},{"key":"1140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-013-9180-0","volume":"33","author":"P Harris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harris, P., & Lane, J. (2014). Infants understand how testimony works. Topoi, 33, 443\u2013458.","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"1140_CR28","volume-title":"An inquiry concerning human understanding","author":"D Hume","year":"1748","unstructured":"Hume, D. (1748). An inquiry concerning human understanding. Bobbs-Merrill: Indianapolis."},{"key":"1140_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2307\/2653756","volume":"58","author":"D Hunter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunter, D. (1998). Understanding and belief. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 58, 559\u2013580.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"1140_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2010.06.002","volume":"61","author":"VK Jaswal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaswal, V. K. (2010). Believing what you are told: Young children\u2019s trust in unexpected testimony about the physical world. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 248\u2013272.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"1140_CR31","volume-title":"Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can tell us","author":"VL Jaswal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaswal, V. L. (2013). Biased to believe. In M. R. Banaji & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can tell us. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/15248370701446392","volume":"8","author":"VK Jaswal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jaswal, V. K., & Malone, L. S. (2007). Turning believers into skeptics: 3-year-olds sensitivity to cues to speaker credibility. Journal of Cognition and Development, 8, 263\u2013277.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"1140_CR33","volume-title":"Trust and skepticism: Children\u2019s selective learning from testimony","author":"VK Jaswal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaswal, V. K., & Perez-Edgar, K. (2014). Resolving conflicts between observation and testimony: The role of inhibitory control. In E. J. Robinson & S. Einav (Eds.), Trust and skepticism: Children\u2019s selective learning from testimony. Hove: Psychology Press."},{"key":"1140_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenyon, T. (2012). The informational richness of testimonial contexts. The Philosophical Quarterly, 63, 58\u201380.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9213.12000"},{"key":"1140_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00742.x","volume":"15","author":"M Koenig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koenig, M., & Harris, P. (2004). Trust in children\u2019s use of true and false statements. Psychological Science, 15, 694\u2013698.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"1140_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3366\/E1742360007000081","volume":"4","author":"M Koenig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koenig, M., & Harris, P. (2007). The basis of epistemic trust. Episteme, 4, 264\u2013284.","journal-title":"Episteme"},{"key":"1140_CR37","unstructured":"Koenig, M., & Stephens, E. (2014). Characterizing children\u2019s responsiveness to cues of speaker trustworthiness: two proposals. In E. Robinson & S. Einav (Eds.), Trust and Skepticism: Children\u2019s Selective Learning from Testimony. Psychology Press: Cambridge."},{"key":"1140_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-004-7798-x","volume":"126","author":"J Lackey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lackey, J. (2005). Testimony and the infant\/child objection. Philosophical Studies, 126, 163\u2013190.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"1140_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199219162.001.0001","volume-title":"Learning from words: Testimony as a source of knowledge","author":"J Lackey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lackey, J. (2008). Learning from words: Testimony as a source of knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00048409712347771","volume":"75","author":"J Lyons","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lyons, J. (1997). Testimony, induction, and folk psychology. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 75, 163\u2013178.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"1140_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-2005-015","volume":"115","author":"A-S Malmgren","year":"1996","unstructured":"Malmgren, A.-S. (1996). Is there a priori knowledge by testimony? The Philosophical Review, 115, 199\u2013241.","journal-title":"The Philosophical Review"},{"key":"1140_CR42","volume-title":"Trust and skepticism: Children\u2019s selective learning from testimony","author":"O Mascaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mascaro, O., & Morin, O. (2014). Gullible\u2019s travel: How honest and trustful children become vigilant communicators. In E. J. Robinson & S. Einav (Eds.), Trust and skepticism: Children\u2019s selective learning from testimony. Hove: Psychology Press."},{"key":"1140_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.5.1216","volume":"43","author":"ES Pasquini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pasquini, E. S., Corriveau, K. H., Koenig, M., & Harris, P. (2007). Preschoolers monitor the relative accuracy of informants. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1216\u20131226.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"1140_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11974-000","volume-title":"An inquiry into the human mind and the principles of common sense","author":"T Reid","year":"1764","unstructured":"Reid, T. (1764). An inquiry into the human mind and the principles of common sense. Pennsylvania State University: University Park, PA."},{"key":"1140_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00360342","volume":"39","author":"W Sellars","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sellars, W. (1981). Mental events. Philosophical Studies, 39, 325\u2013345.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"1140_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315697376","volume-title":"Testimony: A philosophical introduction","author":"J Shieber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shieber, J. (2015). Testimony: A philosophical introduction. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"1140_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0029-4624.2006.00612.x","volume":"40","author":"T Shogenji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shogenji, T. (2006). A defense of reductionism about testimonial justification of beliefs. Nous, 40, 331\u2013346.","journal-title":"Nous"},{"key":"1140_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobel, D., & Kushnir, T. (2013). Knowledge matters: How children evaluate the reliability of testimony as a process of rational inference. Psychological Review, pp.1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034191"},{"key":"1140_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, M., Esbensen, B. M., & Bennett, R. T. (1994). Children\u2019s understanding of knowledge acquisition: the tendency for children to report that they have always known what they have just learned. Child Development, 65, 1581\u2013604.","DOI":"10.2307\/1131282"},{"key":"1140_CR50","volume-title":"The epistemology of testimony","author":"J Cleve Van","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Cleve, J. (2006). Reid on the credit of human testimony. In J. Lackey & E. Sosa (Eds.), The epistemology of testimony. Oxford: oxford University Press."},{"key":"1140_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8441.001.0001","volume-title":"Mindshaping: A new framework for understanding human social cognition","author":"T Zawidski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zawidski, T. (2013). Mindshaping: A new framework for understanding human social cognition. Cambridge: The MIT Press."}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T20:13:00Z","timestamp":1656706380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1140-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]}}}