{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:02:22Z","timestamp":1784131342555,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476230400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000741","name":"University of Warwick","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T12:56:16Z","timestamp":1476276976000},"page":"815-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Understanding what was said"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Longworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00048402.2011.637937","volume":"91","author":"A Arnold","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arnold, A. (2013). Some evidence is false. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 91, 165\u2013172.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"1243_CR2","volume-title":"Perception and reason","author":"B Brewer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brewer, B. (1999). Perception and reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199278534.001.0001","volume-title":"Truth, thought, reason: Essays on Frege","author":"T Burge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burge, T. (2005). Truth, thought, reason: Essays on Frege. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/2218998","volume":"32","author":"J Campbell","year":"1982","unstructured":"Campbell, J. (1982). Knowledge and understanding. Philosophical Quarterly, 32, 17\u201334.","journal-title":"Philosophical Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2307\/20023640","volume":"80","author":"A Church","year":"1951","unstructured":"Church, A. (1951). The need for abstract entities in semantic analysis. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 80(1), 100\u2013112.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences"},{"key":"1243_CR6","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Reflections on Chomsky","author":"M Davies","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davies, M. (1989). Tacit knowledge and subdoxastic states. In A. George (Ed.), Reflections on Chomsky (pp. 131\u2013152). Oxford: Basil Blackwell."},{"key":"1243_CR7","volume-title":"Frege\u2019s distinction between sense and reference, in his truth and other enigmas","author":"M Dummett","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dummett, M. (1978). Frege\u2019s distinction between sense and reference, in his truth and other enigmas. London: Duckworth."},{"key":"1243_CR8","volume-title":"The logical basis of metaphysics","author":"M Dummett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dummett, M. (1991). The logical basis of metaphysics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR9","unstructured":"Dummett, M. (1993). Testimony and memory. In Z. van Straaten (Ed.), 1994 Philosophical subjects: Essays presented to P.F. Strawson (pp. 117\u2013139). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Preprinted in his 1993 The Seas of Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press. References to the preprint."},{"key":"1243_CR10","volume-title":"The varieties of reference","author":"G Evans","year":"1982","unstructured":"Evans, G. (1982). The varieties of reference. Oxford: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"1243_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/anq078","volume":"70","author":"B Fitelson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fitelson, B. (2010). Strengthening the case for knowledge from falsehood. Analysis, 70, 666\u2013669.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"1243_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199250578.003.0010","volume-title":"Epistemology of language","author":"E Fricker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fricker, E. (2003). Understanding and knowledge of what is said. In A. Barber (Ed.), Epistemology of language (pp. 325\u2013366). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR13","volume-title":"Midwest studies in philosophy. Studies in epistemology","author":"C Ginet","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ginet, C. (1980). Knowing less by knowing more. In P. A. French, T. E. Uehling Jr., & H. K. Wettstein (Eds.), Midwest studies in philosophy. Studies in epistemology (Vol. V). Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR14","volume-title":"Computation, causation, and discovery","author":"C Glymour","year":"1999","unstructured":"Glymour, C., & Cooper, G. (1999). Computation, causation, and discovery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"453","key":"1243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzi061","volume":"114","author":"S Gross","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gross, S. (2005). Linguistic understanding and belief. Mind, 114(453), 61\u201366.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"413","key":"1243_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/104.413.79","volume":"104","author":"RG Heck Jr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Heck, R. G, Jr. (1995). A sense of communication. Mind, 104(413), 79\u2013106.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1243_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571313","volume":"65","author":"J Higginbotham","year":"1992","unstructured":"Higginbotham, J. (1992). Truth and understanding. Philosophical Studies, 65, 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2307\/2653756","volume":"58","author":"D Hunter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hunter, D. (1998). Understanding and belief. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 58(3), 559\u2013580.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1243_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-6077.2011.00202.x","volume":"21","author":"ME Kalderon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalderon, M. E. (2011). Before the law. Philosophical Issues, 21(1), 219\u2013244.","journal-title":"Philosophical Issues"},{"key":"1243_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351935","volume":"1","author":"L Karttunen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Karttunen, L. (1977). Syntax and semantics of questions. Linguistics and Philosophy, 1, 3\u201344.","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-111-3-341","volume":"111","author":"J King","year":"2002","unstructured":"King, J. (2002). Designating propositions. Philosophical Review, 111(3), 341\u2013371.","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"1243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199693764.001.0001","volume-title":"New thinking about propositions","author":"J King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King, J., Soames, S., & Speaks, J. (2014). New thinking about propositions. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199264933.003.0003","volume-title":"Epistemology: New essays","author":"P Klein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klein, P. (2008). Useful false beliefs. In Q. Smith (Ed.), Epistemology: New essays (pp. 25\u201362). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2007.00673.x","volume":"42","author":"G Longworth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longworth, G. (2008a). Linguistic understanding and knowledge. No\u00fbs, 42, 50\u201379.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"1243_CR25","first-page":"297","volume":"22","author":"G Longworth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longworth, G. (2008b). Comprehending speech, philosophical perspectives. Philosophy of Language, 22, 297\u2013331.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Language"},{"key":"1243_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2018-2_10","volume-title":"Knowing from words: Western and Indian philosophical analyses of understanding and testimony","author":"J McDowell","year":"1994","unstructured":"McDowell, J. (1994). Knowledge by hearsay. In B. K. Matilal & A. Chakrabarti (Eds.), Knowing from words: Western and Indian philosophical analyses of understanding and testimony (pp. 195\u2013224). Dordrecht: Kluwer. Reprinted in his 1998: 414\u2013443."},{"key":"1243_CR27","volume-title":"Meaning, knowledge, and reality","author":"J McDowell","year":"1998","unstructured":"McDowell, J. (1998). Meaning, knowledge, and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"1243_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022945009188","volume":"135","author":"F Moltmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moltmann, F. (2003). Propositional attitudes without propositions. Synthese, 135, 77\u2013118.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"1243_CR29","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Invitation to cognitive science: Thinking","author":"D Osherson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Osherson, D. (1995). Probability judgment. In E. E. Smith & D. Osherson (Eds.), Invitation to cognitive science: Thinking (2nd ed., pp. 35\u201375). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1243_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0199270724.001.0001","volume-title":"The realm of reason","author":"C Peacocke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peacocke, C. (2003). The realm of reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/111.443.519","volume":"111","author":"D Pettit","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pettit, D. (2002). Why knowledge is unnecessary for understanding language. Mind, 111(3), 519\u2013550.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"453","key":"1243_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzi067","volume":"114","author":"D Pettit","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pettit, D. (2005). Belief and understanding: A rejoinder to gross. Mind, 114(453), 67\u201374.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"1243_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2307\/2678461","volume":"97","author":"P Pietroski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pietroski, P. (2000). On explaining that. Journal of Philosophy, 97, 655\u2013662.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"1243_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-6077.2007.00131.x","volume":"17","author":"J Pryor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pryor, J. (2007). Reasons and that-clauses. Philosophical Issues, 17, 217\u2013244.","journal-title":"Philosophical Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"1243_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-006-0002-8","volume":"137","author":"T Rosefeldt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosefeldt, T. (2008). \u2019That\u2019-clauses and non-nominal quantification. Philosophical Studies, 137(3), 301\u2013333.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"1243_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/0199257760.001.0001","volume-title":"The things we mean","author":"S Schiffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schiffer, S. (2003). The things we mean. Oxford: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"1243_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-8583.2005.00067.x","volume":"19","author":"T Warfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warfield, T. (2005). Knowledge from falsehood. Philosophical Perspectives, 19, 405\u2013416.","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives"}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T22:02:25Z","timestamp":1718834545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1243-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]]}}}