{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:38:05Z","timestamp":1790696285408,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]],"date-time":"2016-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Foundation (NSSF)","award":["12&ZD119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12&ZD119"]}]},{"name":"National Program for Special Support of Eminent Professionals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]],"date-time":"2016-11-25T09:51:43Z","timestamp":1480067503000},"page":"4419-4439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A logic of goal-directed knowing how"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Yanjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1272_CR1","volume-title":"Handbook of epistemic logic","author":"T \u00c5gotnes","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00c5gotnes, T., Goranko, V., Jamroga, W., & Wooldridge, M. (2015). Knowledge and ability, chapter 11. In H. van Ditmarsch, J. Halpern, W. van\u00a0der Hoek, & B. Kooi (Eds.), Handbook of epistemic logic. London: College Publications."},{"key":"1272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1145\/585265.585270","volume":"49","author":"R Alur","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alur, R., Henzinger, T., & Kupferman, O. (2002). Alternating-time temporal logic. Journal of the ACM, 49, 672\u2013713.","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"1272_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jigpal\/jzv020","volume":"23","author":"C Areces","year":"2015","unstructured":"Areces, C., Fervari, R., & Hoffmann, G. (2015). Relation-changing modal operators. Logic Journal of the IGPL, 23(4), 601\u2013627.","journal-title":"Logic Journal of the IGPL"},{"issue":"04","key":"1272_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020308090060","volume":"1","author":"S Artemov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artemov, S. (2008). The logic of justification. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 1(04), 477\u2013513.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"key":"1272_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belardinelli, F. (2014). Reasoning about knowledge and strategies: Epistemic strategy logic. In Proceedings of SR, 2014 (pp. 27\u201333)","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.146.4"},{"key":"1272_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broersen, J. (2008). A logical analysis of the interaction between \u2018obligation-to-do\u2019 and \u2018knowingly doing\u2019. In Proceedings of DEON, 08 (pp. 140\u2013154)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70525-3_12"},{"key":"1272_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48540-8_5","volume-title":"Models of strategic reasoning: Logics, games, and communities","author":"J Broersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broersen, J., & Herzig, A. (2015). Using STIT theory to talk about strategies. In J. van Benthem, S. Ghosh, & R. Verbrugge (Eds.), Models of strategic reasoning: Logics, games, and communities (pp. 137\u2013173). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"1272_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00249673","volume":"17","author":"MA Brown","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brown, M. A. (1988). On the logic of ability. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 17(1), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"issue":"351","key":"1272_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LXXXVIII.1.394","volume":"88","author":"D Carr","year":"1979","unstructured":"Carr, D. (1979). The logic of knowing how and ability. Mind, 88(351), 394\u2013409.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"6","key":"1272_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-014-0404-7","volume":"192","author":"I Ciardelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ciardelli, I., & Roelofsen, F. (2015). Inquisitive dynamic epistemic logic. Synthese, 192(6), 1643\u20131687.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"9","key":"1272_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12037","volume":"7","author":"I Ciardelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciardelli, I., Groenendijk, J., & Roelofsen, F. (2013). Inquisitive semantics: A new notion of meaning. Language and Linguistics Compass, 7(9), 459\u2013476.","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"1272_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1163\/18756735-90000845","volume":"77","author":"P Egr\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egr\u00e9, P. (2008). Question-embedding and factivity. Grazer Philosophische Studien, 77(1), 85\u2013125.","journal-title":"Grazer Philosophische Studien"},{"key":"1272_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5803.001.0001","volume-title":"Reasoning about knowledge","author":"R Fagin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fagin, R., Halpern, J., Moses, Y., & Vardi, M. (1995). Reasoning about knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"1272_CR14","first-page":"178","volume":"10","author":"J Fan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fan, J., Wang, Y., & van Ditmarsch, H. (2014). Almost necessary. Advances in Modal Logic, 10, 178\u2013196.","journal-title":"Advances in Modal Logic"},{"key":"1272_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020314000343","volume":"8","author":"J Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan, J., Wang, Y., & van Ditmarsch, H. (2015). Contingency and knowing whether. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 8, 75\u2013107.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"3","key":"1272_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2008.00137.x","volume":"3","author":"J Fantl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fantl, J. (2008). Knowing-how and knowing-that. Philosophy Compass, 3(3), 451\u2013470.","journal-title":"Philosophy Compass"},{"key":"1272_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5292-1","volume-title":"First-order modal logic. Synthese library","author":"M Fitting","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fitting, M., & Mendelsohn, R. L. (1998). First-order modal logic. Synthese library. New York: Springer."},{"key":"1272_CR18","volume-title":"Open problems in epistemology","author":"P Gochet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gochet, P. (2013). An open problem in the logic of knowing how. In J. Hintikka (Ed.), Open problems in epistemology. Helsinki: The Philosophical Society of Finland."},{"key":"1272_CR19","volume-title":"Handbook of the history of logic","author":"P Gochet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gochet, P., & Gribomont, P. (2006). Epistemic logic. In D. M. Gabbay & J. Woods (Eds.), Handbook of the history of logic (Vol. 7). North Holland: Elsevier."},{"issue":"1","key":"1272_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/2.1.5","volume":"2","author":"V Goranko","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goranko, V., & Passy, S. (1992). Using the universal modality: Gains and questions. Journal of Logic and Computation, 2(1), 5\u201330.","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Computation"},{"key":"1272_CR21","first-page":"362","volume":"11","author":"T Gu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gu, T., & Wang, Y. (2016). \u201cKnowing value\u201d logic as a normal modal logic. Advances in Modal Logic, 11, 362\u2013381.","journal-title":"Advances in Modal Logic"},{"key":"1272_CR22","volume-title":"Handbook of philosophical logic","author":"D Harrah","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harrah, D. (2002). The logic of questions. In D. Gabbay (Ed.), Handbook of philosophical logic (Vol. 8). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"1272_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1996.0084","volume":"70","author":"S Hart","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hart, S., Heifetz, A., & Samet, D. (1996). Knowing whether, knowing that, and the cardinality of state spaces. Journal of Economic Theory, 70(1), 249\u2013256.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"1272_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-014-9267-z","volume":"29","author":"A Herzig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herzig, A. (2015). Logics of knowledge and action: Critical analysis and challenges. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 29(5), 719\u2013753.","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"key":"1272_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzig, A., & Troquard, N. (2006). Knowing how to play: Uniform choices in logics of agency. In Proceedings of AAMAS, 06 (pp. 209\u2013216)","DOI":"10.1145\/1160633.1160666"},{"key":"1272_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzig, A., Lorini, E., & Walther, D. (2013). Reasoning about actions meets strategic logics. In Proceedings of LORI, 2013 (pp. 162\u2013175)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40948-6_13"},{"key":"1272_CR27","volume-title":"Knowledge and belief: An introduction to the logic of the two notions","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (1962). Knowledge and belief: An introduction to the logic of the two notions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"1272_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (1989). Reasoning about knowledge in philosophy: The paradigm of epistemic logic. In The logic of epistemology and the epistemology of logic, synthese library (Vol. 200, pp. 17\u201335). Dordrecht: Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2647-9_2"},{"key":"1272_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511619298","volume-title":"Socratic epistemology: Explorations of knowledge-seeking by questioning","author":"J Hintikka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (2007). Socratic epistemology: Explorations of knowledge-seeking by questioning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"1272_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Hoek, W., & Lomuscio, A. (2003). Ignore at your peril: Towards a logic for ignorance. In Proceedings of AAMAS, 03 (pp. 1148\u20131149).","DOI":"10.1145\/860575.860839"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1272_CR31","first-page":"185","volume":"63","author":"W Jamroga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jamroga, W., & van der Hoek, W. (2004). Agents that know how to play. Fundamenta Informaticae, 63(2\u20133), 185\u2013219.","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"issue":"1","key":"1272_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004900300438","volume":"59","author":"M Kracht","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kracht, M., & Wolter, F. (1997). Simulation and transfer results in modal logic: A survey. Studia Logica, 59(1), 149\u2013177.","journal-title":"Studia Logica"},{"key":"1272_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, T., Wang, Y. (2016). Knowing your ability. The Philosophical Forum, pp. 415\u2013424","DOI":"10.1111\/phil.12130"},{"issue":"2","key":"1272_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"30","author":"W Lenzen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lenzen, W. (1978). Recent work in epistemic logic. Acta Philosophica Fennica, 30(2), 1\u2013219.","journal-title":"Acta Philosophica Fennica"},{"key":"1272_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, Y. (2017). Achieving while maintaining: A logic of knowing how with intermediate constraints. In: Proceedings of ICLA\u201917 (forthcoming)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54069-5_12"},{"key":"1272_CR36","first-page":"129","volume":"9","author":"J McCarthy","year":"1979","unstructured":"McCarthy, J. (1979). First-order theories of individual concepts and propositions. Machine Intelligence, 9, 129\u2013147.","journal-title":"Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"1272_CR37","unstructured":"McCarthy, J., & Hayes, P. J. (1969). Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In Machine intelligence (pp. 463\u2013502). Edinburgh University Press"},{"key":"1272_CR38","volume-title":"Formal theories of the commonsense world","author":"RC Moore","year":"1985","unstructured":"Moore, R. C. (1985). A formal theory of knowledge and action. In J. R. Hobbs & R. C. Moore (Eds.), Formal theories of the commonsense world. Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"1272_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgenstern, L. (1986). A first order theory of planning, knowledge, and action. In Proceedings TARK 86 (pp. 99\u2013114). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-04-0.50010-7"},{"key":"1272_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/65.4.278","volume":"65","author":"A No\u00eb","year":"2005","unstructured":"No\u00eb, A. (2005). Against intellectualism. Analysis, 65, 278\u2013290.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"1272_CR41","unstructured":"Plaza, J. A. (1989). Logics of public communications. In M. L. Emrich, M. S. Pfeifer, M. Hadzikadic, Z. W. Ras (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on methodologies for intelligent systems (pp. 201\u2013216)"},{"key":"1272_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/46.1.1","volume":"46","author":"G Ryle","year":"1946","unstructured":"Ryle, G. (1946). Knowing how and knowing that: The presidential address. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 46, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society"},{"key":"1272_CR43","unstructured":"Smith, D. E., & Weld, D. S. (1998). Conformant graphplan. In: AAAI 98 (pp. 889\u2013896)."},{"key":"1272_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199695362.001.0001","volume-title":"Know how","author":"J Stanley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stanley, J. (2011). Know how. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1272_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2307\/2678403","volume":"98","author":"J Stanley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stanley, J. (2001). Knowing how. The Journal of Philosophy, 98, 411\u2013444.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"1272_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2014.05.012","volume":"87","author":"AD Tillio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tillio, A. D., Halpern, J. Y., & Samet, D. (2014). Conditional belief types. Games and Economic Behavior, 87, 253\u2013268.","journal-title":"Games and Economic Behavior"},{"issue":"11","key":"1272_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ic.2006.04.006","volume":"204","author":"J Benthem van","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Benthem, J., van Eijck, J., & Kooi, B. (2006). Logics of communication and change. Information and Computation, 204(11), 1620\u20131662.","journal-title":"Information and Computation"},{"key":"1272_CR48","volume-title":"Handbook of epistemic logic","author":"H Ditmarsch van","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Ditmarsch, H., Halpern, J. Y., van der Hoek, W., & Kooi, B. (2015). Handbook of epistemic logic. London: College Publications."},{"key":"1272_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501743726","volume-title":"Linguistics in philosophy","author":"Z Vendler","year":"1967","unstructured":"Vendler, Z. (1967). Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"1272_CR50","volume-title":"An essay in modal logic","author":"GH Wright Von","year":"1951","unstructured":"Von Wright, G. H. (1951). An essay in modal logic. Amsterdam: North Holland."},{"key":"1272_CR51","unstructured":"Wang, R. J. (2011). Timed modal epistemic logic. PhD thesis, City University of New York"},{"key":"1272_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2015a). A logic of knowing how. In Proceedings of LORI, 2015 (pp. 392\u2013405)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48561-3_32"},{"key":"1272_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2015b). Representing imperfect information of procedures with hyper models. In Proceedings of ICLA, 2015 (pp. 218\u2013231)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45824-2_16"},{"key":"1272_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (forthcoming). Beyond knowing that: A new generation of epistemic logics. In H. van Ditmarsch & G. Sandu (Eds.), Jaakko Hintikka on knowledge and game theoretical semantics. New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62864-6_21"},{"key":"1272_CR55","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2013). Knowing that, knowing what, and public communication: Public announcement logic with Kv operators. In Proceedings of IJCAI, 13 (pp. 1147\u20131154)"},{"key":"1272_CR56","first-page":"569","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2014). Conditionally knowing what. Advances in Modal Logic, 10, 569\u2013587.","journal-title":"Advances in Modal Logic"},{"key":"1272_CR57","first-page":"559","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2012). Not all those who wander are lost: Dynamic epistemic reasoning in navigation. Advances in Modal Logic, 9, 559\u2013580.","journal-title":"Advances in Modal Logic"},{"key":"1272_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2016). A dynamic epistemic framework for conformant planning. In Proceedings of TARK\u201915, EPTCS (pp. 298\u2013318)","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.215.21"}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T21:31:48Z","timestamp":1749763908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,25]]}}}