{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:12:10Z","timestamp":1793045530169,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/J017728\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/J017728\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T07:26:47Z","timestamp":1495006007000},"page":"4169-4200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Mandevillian intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Smart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1414_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R. (2007). How can the human mind occur in the physical universe? Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195324259.001.0001"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036","volume":"111","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., & Qin, Y. (2004). An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review, 111(4), 1036\u20131060.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/09540098908915647","volume":"1","author":"T Ash","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ash, T. (1989). Dynamic node creation in backpropagation networks. Connection Science, 1(4), 365\u2013375.","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"key":"1414_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164030","volume-title":"The new organon","author":"F Bacon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bacon, F. (2000). The new organon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"223","key":"1414_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9213.2006.00437.x","volume":"56","author":"J Baehr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baehr, J. (2006). Character, reliability and virtue epistemology. The Philosophical Quarterly, 56(223), 193\u2013212.","journal-title":"The Philosophical Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00081.x","volume":"46","author":"J Baehr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baehr, J. (2008). Four varieties of character-based virtue epistemology. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 46(4), 469\u2013502.","journal-title":"The Southern Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"1414_CR7","volume-title":"The inquiring mind: On intellectual virtues and virtue epistemology","author":"J Baehr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baehr, J. (2012). The inquiring mind: On intellectual virtues and virtue epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"7","key":"1414_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.04.010","volume":"17","author":"A Baronchelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baronchelli, A., Ferrer-i-Cancho, R., Pastor-Satorras, R., Chater, N., & Christiansen, M. H. (2013). Networks in cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(7), 348\u2013360.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-9991.2008.00146.x","volume":"3","author":"H Battaly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Battaly, H. (2008). Virtue epistemology. Philosophy Compass, 3(4), 639\u2013663.","journal-title":"Philosophy Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.04.001","volume":"32","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, S., & Ohlsson, S. (2010). Social creativity as a function of agent cognition and network properties: A computer model. Social Networks, 32(4), 263\u2013278.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"1414_CR11","volume-title":"Handbook of collective intelligence","author":"JP Bigham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigham, J. P., Bernstein, M. S., & Adar, E. (2015). Human-computer interaction and collective intelligence. In T. W. Malone & M. S. Bernstein (Eds.), Handbook of collective intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.122.2.153","volume":"122","author":"DF Bjorklund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bjorklund, D. F. (1997). The role of immaturity in human development. Psychological Bulletin, 122(2), 153\u2013169.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-009-9142-5","volume":"15","author":"N Bostrom","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bostrom, N., & Sandberg, A. (2009). Cognitive enhancement: Methods, ethics, regulatory challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics, 15(3), 311\u2013341.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"1414_CR14","volume-title":"The epistemic life of groups: Essays in the epistemology of collectives","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brady, M. S., & Fricker, M. (Eds.). (2016). The epistemic life of groups: Essays in the epistemology of collectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"257","key":"1414_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"AD Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown, A. D., Kouri, N., & Hirst, W. (2012). Memory\u2019s malleability: Its role in shaping collective memory and social identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(257), 1\u20133.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"1414_CR16","volume-title":"Search methodologies: Introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burke, E. K., & Kendall, G. (Eds.). (2010). Search methodologies: Introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques. New York, NY: Springer."},{"key":"1414_CR17","unstructured":"Chi, E. H., Pirolli, P., Suh, B., Kittur, A., Pendleton, B., & Mytkowicz, T. (2008). Augmented social cognition. In AAAI Spring symposium on social information processing, Stanford, California, USA."},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-008-9080-9","volume":"17","author":"G Convertino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Convertino, G., Billman, D., Pirolli, P., Massar, J., & Shrager, J. (2008). The CACHE study: Group effects in computer-supported collaborative analysis. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 17(4), 353\u2013393.","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work"},{"key":"1414_CR19","volume-title":"Handbook of applied cognition","author":"NJ Cooke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooke, N. J., Gorman, J. C., & Winner, J. L. (2007). Team cognition. In F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, S. T. Dumais, S. Lewandowsky, & T. J. Perfect (Eds.), Handbook of applied cognition (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.10.002","volume":"13","author":"ID Couzin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Couzin, I. D. (2009). Collective cognition in animal groups. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(1), 36\u201343.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1677","key":"1414_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1235","volume":"276","author":"A Dussutour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dussutour, A., Beekman, M., Nicolis, S. C., & Meyer, B. (2009). Noise improves collective decision-making by ants in dynamic environments. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 276(1677), 4353\u20134361.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"1414_CR22","volume-title":"Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection","author":"GM Edelman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. New York, NY: Basic Books."},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-012-0127-y","volume":"4","author":"MM Fagin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fagin, M. M., Yamashiro, J. K., & Hirst, W. C. (2013). The adaptive function of distributed remembering: Contributions to the formation of collective memory. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(1), 91\u2013106.","journal-title":"Review of Philosophy and Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008","volume":"1","author":"KJ Friston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friston, K. J. (2011). Functional and effective connectivity: A review. Brain Connectivity, 1(1), 13\u201336.","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-007-0004-y","volume":"1","author":"S Garnier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Garnier, S., Gautrais, J., & Theraulaz, G. (2007). The biological principles of swarm intelligence. Swarm Intelligence, 1(1), 3\u201331.","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"1414_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.5.959","volume":"65","author":"D Gigone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect: Information sharing and group judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 959\u2013974.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"1414_CR27","volume-title":"Social epistemology: Essential readings","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldman, A. I., & Whitcomb, D. (Eds.). (2011). Social epistemology: Essential readings. New York, NY: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1414_CR28","volume-title":"Virtue epistemology: Contemporary readings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greco, J., & Turri, J. (Eds.). (2012). Virtue epistemology: Contemporary readings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"1414_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2009.11.010","volume":"174","author":"J Hendler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hendler, J., & Berners-Lee, T. (2010). From the Semantic Web to social machines: A research challenge for AI on the World Wide Web. Artificial Intelligence, 174, 156\u2013161.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"1414_CR30","volume-title":"Thinking: Psychological perspectives on reasoning, judgment and decision making","author":"R Hertwig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hertwig, R., & Todd, P. M. (2003). More is not always better: The benefits of cognitive limits. In D. Hardman & L. Macchi (Eds.), Thinking: Psychological perspectives on reasoning, judgment and decision making. Chichester: Wiley."},{"key":"1414_CR31","volume-title":"Handbook of human computation","author":"F Heylighen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heylighen, F. (2013). From human computation to the global brain: The self-organization of distributed intelligence. In P. Michelucci (Ed.), Handbook of human computation. New York, New York, USA: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.43","volume":"121","author":"V Hinsz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hinsz, V., Tindale, R., & Vollrath, D. (1997). The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 43\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2007.02.013","volume":"44","author":"VB Hinsz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hinsz, V. B., Tindale, R. S., & Nagao, D. H. (2008). Accentuation of information processes and biases in group judgments integrating base-rate and case-specific information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 116\u2013126.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"1414_CR34","unstructured":"Hong, L., & Page, S.E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46):16, 385\u201316, 389."},{"key":"1414_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.01.034","volume":"300","author":"G Horv\u00e1th","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horv\u00e1th, G., Kov\u00e1\u0159\u00edk, J., & Mengel, F. (2012). Limited memory can be beneficial for the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 300, 193\u2013205.","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR36","first-page":"1068","volume":"36","author":"KL Hourihan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hourihan, K. L., & Benjamin, A. S. (2010). Smaller is better (when sampling from the crowd within): Low memory-span individuals benefit more from multiple opportunities for estimation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(4), 1068\u20131074.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1414_CR37","volume-title":"Perspectives on socially shared cognition","author":"E Hutchins","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hutchins, E. (1991). The social organization of distributed cognition. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, & S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition. Washington DC: The American Psychological Association."},{"key":"1414_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognition in the wild","author":"E Hutchins","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"1414_CR39","volume-title":"Victims of groupthink","author":"IL Janis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Janis, I. L. (1982). Victims of groupthink (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"34","key":"1414_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14,978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001280107","volume":"107","author":"S Judd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Judd, S., Kearns, M., & Vorobeychik, Y. (2010). Behavioral dynamics and influence in networked coloring and consensus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(34), 14,978\u201314,982.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"1414_CR41","volume-title":"Evolution and the mechanisms of decision making","author":"Y Kareev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kareev, Y. (2012). Advantages of cognitive limitations. In P. Hammerstein & J. R. Stevens (Eds.), Evolution and the mechanisms of decision making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"10","key":"1414_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1145\/2347736.2347753","volume":"55","author":"M Kearns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kearns, M. (2012). Experiments in social computation. Communications of the ACM, 55(10), 56\u201367.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"5788","key":"1414_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127207","volume":"313","author":"M Kearns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kearns, M., Suri, S., & Montfort, N. (2006). An experimental study of the coloring problem on human subject networks. Science, 313(5788), 824\u2013827.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1414_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle swarm optimization. In IEEE international conference on neural networks, Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"key":"1414_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142009","volume":"55","author":"NL Kerr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kerr, N. L., & Tindale, R. S. (2004). Group performance and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 623\u2013655.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"4598","key":"1414_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","volume":"220","author":"S Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D., & Vecchi, M. P. (1983). Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 220(4598), 671\u2013680.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1414_CR47","volume-title":"Essays in collective epistemology","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lackey, J. (Ed.). (2014). Essays in collective epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.52.4.667","volume":"52","author":"D Lazer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lazer, D., & Friedman, A. (2007). The network structure of exploration and exploitation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(4), 667\u2013694.","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"key":"1414_CR49","unstructured":"Lungarella, M., & Berthouze, L. (2002). Adaptivity through physical immaturity. In 2nd International workshop on epigenetic robotics: Modeling cognitive development in robotic systems, Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"key":"1414_CR50","volume-title":"Handbook of collective intelligence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malone, T. W., & Bernstein, M. S. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of collective intelligence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71","volume":"2","author":"JG March","year":"1991","unstructured":"March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71\u201387.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.515","volume":"27","author":"JG March","year":"2006","unstructured":"March, J. G. (2006). Rationality, foolishness, and adaptive intelligence. Strategic Management Journal, 27(3), 201\u2013214.","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"key":"1414_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.161516","volume":"69","author":"E Marder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marder, E., & Bucher, D. (2007). Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs. Annual Review of Physiology, 69, 291\u2013316.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"1414_CR54","volume-title":"Handbook of human computation","author":"W Mason","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mason, W. (2013). Collective search as human computation. In P. Michelucci (Ed.), Handbook of human computation. New York, NY: Springer."},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110069108","volume":"109","author":"W Mason","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mason, W., & Watts, D. J. (2012). Collaborative learning in networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(3), 764\u2013769.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868307301032","volume":"11","author":"W Mason","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mason, W., Conrey, F., & Smith, E. (2007). Situating social influence processes: Dynamic, multidirectional flows of influence within social networks. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 279\u2013300.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012798","volume":"137","author":"WA Mason","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mason, W. A., Jones, A., & Goldstone, R. L. (2008). Propagation of innovations in networked groups. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(3), 422\u2013433.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000968","volume":"34","author":"H Mercier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 57\u2013111.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00630.1994","volume":"14","author":"P Meyrand","year":"1994","unstructured":"Meyrand, P., Simmers, J., & Moulins, M. (1994). Dynamic construction of a neural network from multiple pattern generators in the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience, 14(2), 630\u2013644.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"1414_CR60","volume-title":"Handbook of human computation","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michelucci, P. (Ed.). (2013). Handbook of human computation. New York, NY: Springer."},{"issue":"6268","key":"1414_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad6499","volume":"351","author":"P Michelucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michelucci, P., & Dickinson, J. L. (2016). The power of crowds. Science, 351(6268), 32\u201333.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"02","key":"1414_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/epi.2013.11","volume":"10","author":"B Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller, B., & Record, I. (2013). Justified belief in a digital age: On the epistemic implications of secret Internet technologies. Episteme, 10(02), 117\u2013134.","journal-title":"Episteme"},{"key":"1414_CR63","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems I","author":"M Mozer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mozer, M., & Smolensky, P. (1989a). Skeletonization: A technique for trimming the fat from a network via relevance assessment. In D. Touretzky (Ed.), Advances in neural information processing systems I. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09540098908915626","volume":"1","author":"MC Mozer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mozer, M. C., & Smolensky, P. (1989b). Using relevance to reduce network size automatically. Connection Science, 1(2), 3\u201316.","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.4.602","volume":"83","author":"DG Myers","year":"1976","unstructured":"Myers, D. G., & Lamm, H. (1976). The group polarization phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 602\u2013627.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR66","first-page":"341","volume":"57","author":"J Nhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nhan, J., Huey, L., & Broll, R. (2017). Digilantism: An analysis of crowdsourcing and the Boston marathon bombings. British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 341\u2013361.","journal-title":"British Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175","volume":"2","author":"R Nickerson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nickerson, R. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175\u2013220.","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"1414_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.9.1.32","volume":"9","author":"T Olive","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olive, T. (2004). Working memory in writing: Empirical evidence from the dual-task technique. European Psychologist, 9, 32\u201342.","journal-title":"European Psychologist"},{"key":"1414_CR69","volume-title":"The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you","author":"E Pariser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. London: Penguin."},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1013-78","volume":"309","author":"A Pentland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pentland, A. (2013). The data-driven society. Scientific American, 309(4), 78\u201383.","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"1414_CR71","volume-title":"Social physics: How good ideas spread\u2014the lessons from a new science","author":"A Pentland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pentland, A. (2014). Social physics: How good ideas spread\u2014the lessons from a new science. New York, NY: Penguin Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-007-0002-0","volume":"1","author":"R Poli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poli, R., Kennedy, J., & Blackwell, T. (2007). Particle swarm optimization. Swarm Intelligence, 1(1), 33\u201357.","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2010.10.002","volume":"55","author":"H Rauhut","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rauhut, H., & Lorenz, J. (2011). The wisdom of crowds in one mind: How individuals can simulate the knowledge of diverse societies to reach better decisions. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 55(2), 191\u2013197.","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"1414_CR74","unstructured":"Reitter, D., & Lebiere, C. (2012). Social cognition: Memory decay and adaptive information filtering for robust information maintenance. In 26th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, Toronto, Canada."},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.4.655","volume":"78","author":"S Schulz-Hardt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., L\u00fcthgens, C., & Moscovici, S. (2000). Biased information search in group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 655\u2013669.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1414_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239917","volume":"176","author":"A Selverston","year":"1995","unstructured":"Selverston, A. (1995). Modulation of circuits underlying rhythmic behaviors. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 176(2), 139\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1414_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2012.01759.x","volume":"43","author":"TW Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson, T. W. (2012). Evaluating Google as an epistemic tool. Metaphilosophy, 43(4), 426\u2013445.","journal-title":"Metaphilosophy"},{"key":"1414_CR78","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of information science and technology","author":"PR Smart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smart, P. R., & Shadbolt, N. R. (2014). Social machines. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology. Hershey, PA: IGI Global."},{"key":"1414_CR79","unstructured":"Smart, P. R., Huynh, T. D., Braines, D., & Shadbolt, N. R. (2010). Dynamic networks and distributed problem-solving. In Knowledge systems for coalition operations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1086\/289680","volume":"59","author":"M Solomon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Solomon, M. (1992). Scientific rationality and human reasoning. Philosophy of Science, 59(3), 439\u2013455.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1414_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1403&4_21","volume":"14","author":"G Stasser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (2003). Hidden profiles: A brief history. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3\u20134), 304\u2013313.","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"1414_CR82","volume-title":"Social epistemology: Essential readings","author":"CR Sunstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sunstein, C. R. (2011). Deliberating groups versus prediction markets (or Hayek\u2019s challenge to Habermas). In A. I. Goldman & D. Whitcomb (Eds.), Social epistemology: Essential readings. New York, New York, USA: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"1414_CR83","volume-title":"The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few","author":"J Surowiecki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few. New York, NY: Random House."},{"key":"1414_CR84","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of embodied cognition","author":"G Theiner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theiner, G. (2014). Varieties of group cognition. In L. A. Shapiro (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of embodied cognition. New York, NY: Routledge."},{"key":"1414_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2010.07.002","volume":"11","author":"G Theiner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Theiner, G., Allen, C., & Goldstone, R. L. (2010). Recognizing group cognition. Cognitive Systems Research, 11, 378\u2013395.","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-010-0050-8","volume":"5","author":"V Trianni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trianni, V., Tuci, E., Passino, K. M., & Marshall, J. A. (2011). Swarm cognition: An interdisciplinary approach to the study of self-organising biological collectives. Swarm Intelligence, 5(1), 3\u201318.","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"issue":"4157","key":"1414_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124\u20131131.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1414_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050609","volume":"46","author":"A Weidenm\u00fcller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weidenm\u00fcller, A., & Seeley, T. D. (1999). Imprecision in waggle dances of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) for nearby food sources: Error or adaptation? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46(3), 190\u2013199.","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1414_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.21709","volume":"21","author":"B Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu, B., Liu, R., & He, Z. (2016). Individual irrationality, network structure, and collective intelligence: An agent-based simulation approach. Complexity, 21(S1), 44\u201354.","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"1414_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174763","volume-title":"Virtues of the mind: An inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge","author":"LT Zagzebski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zagzebski, L. T. (1996). Virtues of the mind: An inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"1414_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-009-9194-6","volume":"72","author":"KJ Zollman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zollman, K. J. (2010). The epistemic benefit of transient diversity. Erkenntnis, 72(1), 17\u201335.","journal-title":"Erkenntnis"},{"key":"1414_CR92","volume-title":"Reshaping the human condition: Exploring human enhancement","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zonneveld, L., Dijstelbloem, H., & Ringoir, D. (Eds.). (2008). Reshaping the human condition: Exploring human enhancement. The Hague: Rathenau Institute."}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:16:36Z","timestamp":1750266996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-017-1414-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to their authorship or the publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}