{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:46:35Z","timestamp":1783111595016,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["200021_165549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_165549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSSF","award":["12&ZD119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12&ZD119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T18:40:58Z","timestamp":1548787258000},"page":"1259-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A logic of knowing why"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2104_CR1","unstructured":"Artemov, S. (1995). Operational modal logic. Technical report MSI 9529, Cornell University."},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2687821","volume":"7","author":"S Artemov","year":"2001","unstructured":"Artemov, S. (2001). Explicit provability and constructive semantics. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, 7(1), 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Bulletin of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2006.03.009","volume":"357","author":"S Artemov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Artemov, S. (2006). Justified common knowledge. Theoretical Computer Science, 357(1), 4\u201322.","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"issue":"04","key":"2104_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020308090060","volume":"1","author":"S Artemov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Artemov, S. (2008). The logic of justification. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 1(04), 477\u2013513.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"6","key":"2104_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/exi053","volume":"15","author":"S Artemov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Artemov, S., & Nogina, E. (2005). Introducing justification into epistemic logic. Journal of Logic and Computation, 15(6), 1059\u20131073.","journal-title":"Journal of Logic and Computation"},{"key":"2104_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203165348","volume-title":"Philosophy of science","author":"A Bird","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bird, A. (1998). Philosophy of science. Abingdon: Routledge."},{"issue":"20","key":"2104_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2307\/2024253","volume":"63","author":"S Bromberger","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bromberger, S. (1966). Questions. The Journal of Philosophy, 63(20), 597\u2013606.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3166\/jancl.21.35-60","volume":"21","author":"S Bucheli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bucheli, S., Kuznets, R., & Studer, T. (2011). Justifications for common knowledge. Journal of Applied Non-classical Logics, 21(1), 35\u201360.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Non-classical Logics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2104_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2014.04.001","volume":"80","author":"S Bucheli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bucheli, S., Kuznets, R., & Studer, T. (2014). Realizing public announcements by justifications. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 80(6), 1046\u20131066.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"},{"key":"2104_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5803.001.0001","volume-title":"Reasoning about knowledge","author":"R Fagin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fagin, R., Halpern, J., Moses, Y., & Vardi, M. (1995). Reasoning about knowledge. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"2104_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020314000343","volume":"8","author":"J Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fan, J., Wang, Y., & van Ditmarsch, H. (2015). Contingency and knowing whether. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 8, 75\u2013107.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apal.2004.04.009","volume":"132","author":"M Fitting","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fitting, M. (2005). The logic of proofs, semantically. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 132(1), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apal.2007.11.003","volume":"152","author":"M Fitting","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fitting, M. (2008). A quantified logic of evidence. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 152(1), 67\u201383.","journal-title":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic"},{"issue":"8","key":"2104_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apal.2016.03.005","volume":"167","author":"M Fitting","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fitting, M. (2016). Modal logics, justification logics, and realization. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 167(8), 615\u2013648.","journal-title":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic"},{"key":"2104_CR15","unstructured":"Gattinger, M., van Eijck, J., & Wang, Y. (2017). Knowing values and public inspection. In Proceedings of ICLA \u201917 (forthcoming)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2104_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351052","volume":"5","author":"J Groenendijk","year":"1982","unstructured":"Groenendijk, J., & Stokhof, M. (1982). Semantic analysis of wh-complements. Linguistics and Philosophy, 5(2), 175\u2013233.","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2010.04.009","volume":"175","author":"JY Halpern","year":"2011","unstructured":"Halpern, J. Y., & Pucella, R. (2011). Dealing with logical omniscience: Expressiveness and pragmatics. Artificial Intelligence, 175(1), 220\u2013235.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2104_CR18","volume-title":"Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science","author":"C Hempel","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hempel, C. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science. Mankato: The Free Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"2104_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/286983","volume":"15","author":"CG Hempel","year":"1948","unstructured":"Hempel, C. G., & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the logic of explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15(2), 135\u2013175.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"2104_CR20","volume-title":"Knowledge and belief: An introduction to the logic of the two notions","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (1962). Knowledge and belief: An introduction to the logic of the two notions (Vol. 181). Ithaca: Cornell University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01064266","volume":"47","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (1981). On the logic of an interrogative model of scientific inquiry. Synthese, 47(1), 69\u201383.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-7016-8_7","volume-title":"New foundations for a theory of questions and answers","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hintikka, J. (1983). New foundations for a theory of questions and answers (pp. 159\u2013190). Dordrecht: Springer."},{"issue":"12","key":"2104_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.2307\/2941100","volume":"92","author":"J Hintikka","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hintikka, J., & Halonen, I. (1995). Semantics and pragmatics for why-questions. The Journal of Philosophy, 92(12), 636\u2013657.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2104_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1086\/289019","volume":"48","author":"P Kitcher","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kitcher, P. (1981). Explanatory unification. Philosophy of Science, 48(4), 507\u2013531.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2104_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00869552","volume":"74","author":"A Koura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Koura, A. (1988). An approach to why-questions. Synthese, 74(2), 191\u2013206.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR26","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Advances in modal logic","author":"R Kuznets","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuznets, R., & Studer, T. (2012). Justifications, ontology, and conservativity. In T. Bolander, T. Bra\u00fcner, S. Ghilardi, & L. Moss (Eds.), Advances in modal logic (Vol. 9, pp. 437\u2013458). London: College Publications."},{"key":"2104_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznets, R., & Studer, T. (2013). Update as evidence: Belief expansion. In S. Artemov & A. Nerode (Eds.), Logical foundations of computer science, LFCS\u00a02013, Springer, LNCS, Vol. 7734, pp. 266\u2013279.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35722-0_19"},{"key":"2104_CR28","volume-title":"Justification logic","author":"R Kuznets","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuznets, R., & Studer, T. (2019). Justification logic. London: College Publications."},{"key":"2104_CR29","unstructured":"Padmanabha, A., Ramanujam, R., & Wang, Y. (2018). Bundled fragments of first-order modal logic: (Un)decidability. In Proceedings of FSTTCS 2018 (pp. 43:1\u201343:20)."},{"key":"2104_CR30","unstructured":"Pischke, N. (2017). Dynamic extensions for the logic of knowing why with public announcements of formulas. arXiv e-prints 1707.05617."},{"issue":"2","key":"2104_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-007-9168-7","volume":"158","author":"J Plaza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Plaza, J. (2007). Logics of public communications. Synthese, 158(2), 165\u2013179.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR32","unstructured":"Renne, B. (2008). Dynamic epistemic logic with justification. PhD thesis, New York, NY, USA, aAI3310607."},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-011-9968-7","volume":"185","author":"B Renne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renne, B. (2012). Multi-agent justification logic: Communication and evidence elimination. Synthese, 185(1), 43\u201382.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR34","volume-title":"Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world","author":"W Salmon","year":"1984","unstructured":"Salmon, W. (1984). Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"2104_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145406","volume":"1","author":"G Schurz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schurz, G. (1995). Scientific explanation: A critical survey. Foundations of Science, 1(3), 429\u2013465.","journal-title":"Foundations of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005214721929","volume":"120","author":"G Schurz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schurz, G. (1999). Explanation as unification. Synthese, 120(1), 95\u2013114.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"1","key":"2104_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-005-3118-z","volume":"143","author":"G Schurz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schurz, G. (2005). Explanations in science and the logic of why-questions: Discussion of the Halonen\u2013Hintikka-approachand alternative proposal. Synthese, 143(1), 149\u2013178.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR38","unstructured":"Sedl\u00e1r, I., & Halas, J. (2015). Modal logics of abstract explanation frameworks. In Abstract in proceedings of CLMPS 15."},{"issue":"12","key":"2104_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-011-9964-y","volume":"190","author":"D \u0160e\u0161elja","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u0160e\u0161elja, D., & Stra\u00dfer, C. (2013). Abstract argumentation and explanation applied to scientific debates. Synthese, 190(12), 2195\u20132217.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"133\u2013134","key":"2104_CR40","first-page":"5","volume":"34","author":"J van Benthem","year":"1991","unstructured":"van Benthem, J. (1991). Reflections on epistemic logic. Logique and Analyse, 34(133\u2013134), 5\u201314.","journal-title":"Logique and Analyse"},{"key":"2104_CR41","volume-title":"Handbook of epistemic logic","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Ditmarsch, H., Halpern, J. Y., van der Hoek, W., & Kooi, B. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of epistemic logic. London: College Publications."},{"key":"2104_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198244274.001.0001","volume-title":"The scientific image","author":"BC van Fraassen","year":"1980","unstructured":"van Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The scientific image. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2104_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2015). A logic of knowing how. In Proceedings of LORI-V (pp. 392\u2013405).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48561-3_32"},{"key":"2104_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2017). A new modal framework for epistemic logic. In Proceedings of TARK \u201917 (pp. 515\u2013534).","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.251.38"},{"key":"2104_CR45","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2013). Knowing that, knowing what, and public communication: Public announcement logic with Kv operators. In Proceedings of IJCAI\u201913 (pp. 1139\u20131146)."},{"key":"2104_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62864-6_21","volume-title":"Jaakko Hintikka on knowledge and game theoretical semantics, outstanding contributions to logic","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2018a). Beyond knowing that: A new generation of epistemic logics. In H. van Ditmarsch & G. Sandu (Eds.), Jaakko Hintikka on knowledge and game theoretical semantics, outstanding contributions to logic (Vol. 12, pp. 499\u2013533). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"10","key":"2104_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1272-0","volume":"195","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2018b). A logic of goal-directed knowing how. Synthese, 195(10), 4419\u20134439.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2104_CR48","first-page":"569","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2014). Conditionally knowing what. Advances in Modal Logic, 10, 569\u2013587.","journal-title":"Advances in Modal Logic"},{"key":"2104_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6446-0","volume-title":"Scientific explanation","author":"E Weber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weber, E., van Bouwel, J., & De Vreese, L. (2013). Scientific explanation. Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"2104_CR50","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Proceedings of CSR 2006","author":"T Yavorskaya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yavorskaya, T. (2006). Multi-agent explicit knowledge. In D. Grigoriev, J. Harrison, & E. A. Hirsch (Eds.), Proceedings of CSR 2006 (pp. 369\u2013380). Berlin: Springer."}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T11:53:55Z","timestamp":1720958035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02104-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-7857","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}