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In this paper we start from Koffka\u2019s recommendation in his <jats:italic>Principles of Gestalt Psychology<\/jats:italic> that to realize this ambition psychology should be a \u201cscience of molar behaviour\u201d. Molar behavior refers to the purposeful behaviour of the whole organism directed at an environment that is meaningfully structured for the animal. Koffka made a sharp distinction between the \u201cbehavioural environment\u201d and the \u201cgeographical environment\u201d. We show how this distinction picks out the difference between the environment as perceived by an individual organism, and the shared publicly available environment. The ecological psychologist James Gibson was later critical of Koffka for inserting a private phenomenal reality in between animals and the shared environment. Gibson tried to make do with just the concept of affordances in his explanation of molar behaviour. We argue however that psychology as a science of molar behaviour will need to make appeal both to the concepts of shared publicly available affordances, and of the multiplicity of <jats:italic>relevant<\/jats:italic> affordances that invite an individual to act. A version of Koffka\u2019s distinction between the two environments remains alive today in a distinction we have made between the field and landscape of affordances. Having distinguished the two environments, we go on to provide an account of how the two environments are related. Koffka suggested that the behavioural environment forms out of the causal interaction of the individual with a pre-existing, ready-made geographical environment. We argue that such an account of the relation between the two environments fails to do justice to the complex entanglement of the social with the material aspects of the geographical environment. To better account for this sociomaterial reality of the geographical environment, we propose a process-perspective on our distinction between the landscape and field of affordances. While the two environments can be conceptually distinguished, we argue they should also be viewed as standing in a relation of reciprocal and mutual dependence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-019-02123-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1553097847000},"page":"2279-2296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The field and landscape of affordances: Koffka\u2019s two environments revisited"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Kiverstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Rietveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2123_CR1","volume-title":"Perception as information detection: Reflections on Gibson\u2019s ecological approach to visual perception","author":"E Baggs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baggs, E. & Chemero, A. 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