{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:35:58Z","timestamp":1740123358775,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["660187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["660187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Synthese"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1575529413000},"page":"3609-3633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In the Space of Reasonable Doubt"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5605-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Vorms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2307\/1287997","volume":"76","author":"R Allen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Allen, R. (1977). The restoration of In Re Winship. Michigan Law Review, 76, 30.","journal-title":"Michigan Law Review"},{"key":"2488_CR2","first-page":"1768","volume-title":"Commentaries on the laws of England","author":"W Blackstone","year":"1765","unstructured":"Blackstone, W. (1765). Commentaries on the laws of England (3rd ed., pp. 1768\u20131769). Oxford: Clarendon Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"2488_CR3","volume-title":"Epistemic justification internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues","author":"L BonJour","year":"2003","unstructured":"BonJour, L., & Sosa, E. (2003). Epistemic justification internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues. Malden, MA: Blackwell."},{"key":"2488_CR5","first-page":"627","volume":"52","author":"LJ Cohen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cohen, L. J. (1981). Subjective probability and the paradox of the gatecrasher. Arizona State Law Journal, 52,\u00a0627\u2013656.","journal-title":"Arizona State Law Journal"},{"key":"2488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198236047.001.0001","volume-title":"An essay on belief and acceptance","author":"LJ Cohen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cohen, L. J. (1995). An essay on belief and acceptance. Oxford: OUP."},{"key":"2488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen L. J. (2002). Should a jury say what it believes or what it accepts? In Knowledge and language. Selected Essays of L. Jonathan Cohen.\u00a0Boston studies in the philosophy of science (Vol. 227), ed. and with an introduction by James Logue. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2020-5_19"},{"key":"2488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/lpr\/mgx009","volume":"17","author":"C Dahlman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahlman, C. (2017). Determining the base rate for guilt. Law, Probability and Risk, 17, 15\u201328.","journal-title":"Law, Probability and Risk"},{"key":"2488_CR9","volume-title":"Introduction to contemporary epistemology","author":"J Dancy","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dancy, J. (1985). Introduction to contemporary epistemology. Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"2488_CR10","volume-title":"Galileo\u2019s middle finger: Heretics, activists, and one scholar\u2019s search for justice","author":"A Dreger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dreger, A. (2015). Galileo\u2019s middle finger: Heretics, activists, and one scholar\u2019s search for justice. Baltimore: Penguin."},{"key":"2488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert P., & Smith M. (dir.). (2012). Dialectica. Special Issue: Outright Belief and Degree of Belief, 66(3).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-8361.2012.01306.x"},{"key":"2488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-4042-3","volume-title":"Believing and accepting","author":"P Engel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Engel, P. (2000). Believing and accepting. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"2488_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenton, N., Lagnado, D., Dahlman, C., & Neil, M. (2017). The opportunity prior: A simple and practical solution to the prior probability problem for legal cases. In ICAIL\u201917. Proceedings of the 16th edition of the international conference on artificial intelligence and law (pp. 69\u201376).","DOI":"10.1145\/3086512.3086519"},{"issue":"2","key":"2488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12137","volume":"51","author":"J Friedman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friedman, J. (2017). Why suspend judging? No\u00fbs, 51(2), 302\u2013326.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2488_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/nous.12222","volume":"53","author":"H Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman, H. (2019). Inquiry and belief. No\u00fbs, 53, 296\u2013315.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2488_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10503-007-9022-6","volume":"21","author":"U Hahn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hahn, U., & Oaksford, M. (2007). The burden of proof and its role in argumentation. Argumentation, 21, 39\u201361.","journal-title":"Argumentation"},{"key":"2488_CR17","unstructured":"Hahn, U., & Hartmann, S. It could have been her: Unpacking alternatives and the focal fallacy (in preparation)."},{"issue":"7","key":"2488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2307\/2026523","volume":"82","author":"J Hardwig","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hardwig, J. (1985). Epistemic dependence. The Journal of Philosophy, 82(7), 335\u2013349.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-015-0553-7","volume":"173","author":"J Hawthorne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hawthorne, J., Rothschild, D., & Spectre, L. (2016). Belief is weak. Philosophical Studies, 173(5), 1393\u20131404.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"2488_CR20","unstructured":"Huneman, P. (2015). The true cost of conspiracy theories. Open Democracy. https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/conspiracy\/suspect-science\/philippe-huneman\/true-cost-of-conspiracy-theories."},{"issue":"3","key":"2488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1086\/287489","volume":"23","author":"R Jefffrey","year":"1956","unstructured":"Jefffrey, R. (1956). Valuation and acceptance of scientific hypotheses. Philosophy of Science, 23(3), 237\u2013246.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2017.1410864","volume":"32","author":"S John","year":"2018","unstructured":"John, S. (2018). Epistemic trust and the ethics of science communication: Against transparency, openness, transparency, and honesty. Social Epistemology, 32(2), 75\u201387.","journal-title":"Social Epistemology"},{"key":"2488_CR23","unstructured":"Kaplan J, 1965. Decision theory and reasonable doubt. In L. E. Allen, & M. E. Caldwell (Eds.), Communication sciences and the law: Reflections from the jurimetrics conference (pp. 254\u2013255). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc."},{"key":"2488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2307\/1227491","volume":"20","author":"J Kaplan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kaplan, J. (1968). Decision theory and the factfinding process. Stanford Law Review, 20, 1065\u20131069.","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"key":"2488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2007.00664.x","volume":"41","author":"J Lackey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lackey, J. (2007). Norms of assertion. No\u00fbs, 41, 594\u2013626.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2488_CR26","unstructured":"Laudan, L. (2008). Truth, error, and criminal law: An essay in legal epistemology. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Law, Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2488_CR27","first-page":"3","volume":"7","author":"L Laudan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laudan, L., & Saunders, H. D. (2009). Rethinking the criminal standard of proof: Seeking consensus about the utilities of trial outcomes. International Commentary on Evidence, 7(1), 3\u20134.","journal-title":"International Commentary on Evidence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11406-017-9911-3","volume":"46","author":"MB Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, M. B. (2018). On doubt. Philosophia, 46(1), 141\u2013158.","journal-title":"Philosophia"},{"key":"2488_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apal.2013.06.015","volume":"164","author":"H Leitgeb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leitgeb, H. (2013). Reducing belief simpliciter to degrees of belief. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 164, 1338\u20131389.","journal-title":"Annals of Pure and Applied Logic"},{"issue":"11","key":"2488_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2307\/2023504","volume":"57","author":"I Levi","year":"1960","unstructured":"Levi, I. (1960). Must the scientist make value judgments? The Journal of Philosophy, 57(11), 345\u2013357.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillquist, E. (2002). Recasting reasonable doubt: Decision theory and the virtues of variability. UC Davis Law Review, 36, 85, 107\u2013111.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.349820"},{"key":"2488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527326","volume-title":"Betting on theories","author":"P Maher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maher, P. (1993). Betting on theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2014.858417","volume":"57","author":"E Mandelbaum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mandelbaum, E. (2014). Thinking is believing. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 57(1), 55\u201396.","journal-title":"Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198702832.001.0001","volume-title":"Reliability in pragmatics","author":"E MCready","year":"2014","unstructured":"MCready, E. (2014). Reliability in pragmatics. Oxford: OUP."},{"issue":"4","key":"2488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1310-y","volume":"195","author":"A Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon, A. (2018). The nature of doubt and a new puzzle about belief, doubt, and confidence. Synthese, 195(4), 1827\u20131848.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"2488_CR36","volume-title":"Merchants of doubt","author":"N Oreskes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oreskes, N., & Conway, E. (2010). Merchants of doubt. London: Bloomsbury Publ."},{"key":"2488_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"CS Peirce","year":"1877","unstructured":"Peirce, C. S. (1877). The fixation of belief. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Popular Science Monthly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2488_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2230.12038","volume":"76","author":"F Picinali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Picinali, F. (2013). Two meanings of \u2018reasonableness\u2019: Dispelling the \u2018floating\u2019 reasonable doubt. The Modern Law Review, 76(5), 845\u2013875.","journal-title":"The Modern Law Review"},{"key":"2488_CR39","volume-title":"Contemporary theories of knowledge","author":"J Pollock","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pollock, J. (1986). Contemporary theories of knowledge. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield."},{"key":"2488_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/019928038X.001.0001","volume-title":"Epistemic luck","author":"D Pritchard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pritchard, D. (2005). Epistemic luck. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2488_CR41","volume-title":"Criminal evidence","author":"P Roberts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roberts, P., & Zuckermann, A. (2010). Criminal evidence (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"2488_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1933-1592.2011.00552.x","volume":"88","author":"J Ross","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ross, J., & Schroeder, M. (2012). Belief, credence, and pragmatic encroachment. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 88(2), 259\u2013288.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2488_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2215724","volume":"29","author":"N Salmon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Salmon, N. (1995). Being of two minds: Belief with doubt. No\u00fbs, 29(1), 1\u201320.","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2488_CR44","volume-title":"The evidential foundations of probabilistic reasoning","author":"D Schum","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schum, D. (1994). The evidential foundations of probabilistic reasoning. Evanston: Northwestern University Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"2488_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2006.05.006","volume":"117","author":"M Simons","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simons, M. (2007). Observations on embedding verbs, evidentiality, and presupposition. Lingua, 117(6), 1034\u20131056.","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2488_CR46","volume-title":"New essays in the philosophy of language and mind. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume","author":"P Thagard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thagard, P. (2004). What is doubt and when is it reasonable? In M. Ezcurdia, R. Stainton, & C. Viger (Eds.), New essays in the philosophy of language and mind. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume. Calgary: University of Calgary Press."},{"key":"2488_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-8583.2005.00068.x","volume":"19","author":"B Weatherson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weatherson, B. (2005). Can we do without pragmatic encroachment? Philosophical Perspectives, 19, 417\u2013443.","journal-title":"Philosophical Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"2488_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-8361.2012.01305.x","volume":"66","author":"R Wedgwood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wedgwood, R. (2012). Outright belief. Dialectica, 66(3), 309\u2013329.","journal-title":"Dialectica"}],"container-title":["Synthese"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T10:16:46Z","timestamp":1626085006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-019-02488-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0039-7857"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-0964"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}