{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:54:53Z","timestamp":1768406093600,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["861219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["861219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["861219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Telecommun Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T09:02:45Z","timestamp":1755162165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DRL based joint A-PBF optimization with the scattered NLOS paths existence in RIS assisted MU-MISO systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Elaraby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama. A.","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavian","family":"Fratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Halunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270","volume":"1","author":"MZ Chowdhury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M. Z., Shahjalal, M., Ahmed, S., & Jang, Y. M. (2020). 6G wireless communication systems: Applications, requirements, technologies, challenges, and research directions. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 1, 957\u2013975.","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"1335_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061701","volume":"109","author":"H Tataria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tataria, H., Shafi, M., Molisch, A. F., Dohler, M., Sj\u00f6land, H., & Tufvesson, F. (2021). 6G wireless systems: Vision, requirements, challenges, insights, and opportunities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(7), 1166\u20131199.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"issue":"5","key":"1335_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051897","volume":"69","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, S., Zheng, B., You, C., & Zhang, R. (2021). Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: A tutorial. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(5), 3313\u20133351.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"1335_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45913","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977772","volume":"8","author":"L Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai, L., et al. (2020). Reconfigurable intelligent surface-based wireless communications: Antenna design, prototyping, and experimental results. IEEE Access, 8, 45913\u201345923.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3028309","volume":"69","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Xu, W., Huang, C., Shi, J., & Shikh-Bahaei, M. (2020). Beamforming design for multiuser transmission through reconfigurable intelligent surface. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(1), 589\u2013601.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"1335_CR6","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos, G. C., Lerosey, G., Debbah, M., & Fink, M. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and metamaterials: The potential of wave propagation control for 6G wireless communications, arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.11136, 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900107","volume":"58","author":"Q Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2019). Towards smart and reconfigurable environment: Intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(1), 106\u2013112.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1335_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2023.3289669","volume":"7","author":"BA Ozden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ozden, B. A., Aydin, E., & Cogen, F. (2023). Reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided spatial media-based modulation. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 7(4), 1971\u20131980.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2022-0114","volume":"14","author":"AK Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, A. K., Maurya, A. K., Prakash, R., Thakur, P., & Tiwari, B. B. (2023). Reconfigurable intelligent surface with 6G for industrial revolution: Potential applications and research challenges. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, 14(1), Article 20220114.","journal-title":"Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1335_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3231347","volume":"72","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liu, R., Li, M., Liu, Y., & Liu, Q. (2022). Joint BS-RIS-user association and beamforming design for RIS-assisted cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72(5), 6113\u20136128.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"1335_CR11","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, M., Gentner, P., Haliloglu, O., Makki, B., & Tageman, O. (2024). RIS in Cellular Networks--Challenges and Issues, arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.04753"},{"key":"1335_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liang, Y.-C., Han, S., & Pei, Y. (2020). Robust beamforming and phase shift design for IRS-enhanced multi-user MISO downlink communication, In: ICC 2020\u20132020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), IEEE, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148947"},{"issue":"8","key":"1335_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000835","volume":"38","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C., Mo, R., & Yuen, C. (2020). Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiuser MISO systems exploiting deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 38(8), 1839\u20131850.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"1335_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhu et al. (2022). Deep reinforcement learning based joint active and passive beamforming design for RIS-assisted MISO systems, In: 2022 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), IEEE, pp. 477\u2013482.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771666"},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02296-7","volume":"2023","author":"S Bidabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bidabadi, S., Ahmed Ouameur, M., Bagaa, M., & Massicotte, D. (2023). Energy efficient resource allocation for re-configurable intelligent surface-assisted wireless networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2023(1), Article 89.","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"},{"key":"1335_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taha, A., Zhang, Y., Mismar, F. B., & Alkhateeb, A. (2020). Deep reinforcement learning for intelligent reflecting surfaces: Towards standalone operation, In: 2020 IEEE 21st international workshop on signal processing advances in wireless communications (SPAWC), IEEE, pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC48557.2020.9154301"},{"key":"1335_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915567","DOI":"10.3389\/frsip.2022.915567","volume":"2","author":"S Jiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiao, S., Xie, X., & Ding, Z. (2022). Deep reinforcement learning-based optimization for RIS-based UAV-NOMA downlink networks. Frontiers in Signal Processing, 2, 915567.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Signal Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"1335_CR18","first-page":"398","volume":"2","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Z., et al. (2022). Phase shift design in RIS empowered wireless networks: From optimization to AI-based methods. Network (Bristol, England), 2(3), 398\u2013418.","journal-title":"Network (Bristol, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1335_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.011.2100016","volume":"28","author":"S Basharat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basharat, S., Hassan, S. A., Pervaiz, H., Mahmood, A., Ding, Z., & Gidlund, M. (2021). Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Potentials, applications, and challenges for 6G wireless networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 28(6), 184\u2013191.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2200047","volume":"61","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Z., et al. (2022). Reconfigurable-intelligent-surface-assisted B5G\/6G wireless communications: Challenges, solution, and future opportunities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 61(1), 16\u201322.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1335_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737","volume":"23","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y., et al. (2021). Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Principles and opportunities. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 23(3), 1546\u20131577.","journal-title":"IEEE communications surveys & tutorials"},{"issue":"10","key":"1335_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6781","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3100860","volume":"69","author":"X Gan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gan, X., Zhong, C., Huang, C., & Zhang, Z. (2021). RIS-assisted multi-user MISO communications exploiting statistical CSI. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(10), 6781\u20136792.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"1335_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Xu, D., & Schober, R. (2019). MISO wireless communication systems via intelligent reflecting surfaces, in 2019 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), IEEE, pp. 735\u2013740.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2019.8855810"},{"key":"1335_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogen, F., Ozden, B.A., & E. Aydin, RIS-Assisted Hexagonal Receive QSM Technique with Perfect and Imperfect Channel Estimation, in 2024 6th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA), IEEE, 2024, pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSPA61559.2024.10794292"},{"key":"1335_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Liang, Y.-C., Chen, J., & Larsson, E.G. (2019). Weighted sum-rate maximization for intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless networks, In: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), IEEE, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013288"},{"key":"1335_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3459690","author":"B Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng, B., Yuan, Z., Tang, Z., Jiao, W., Li, C., & Zhou, W. (2024). Energy efficiency optimization in IRS-aided multi-user MISO communication systems. IEEE Sensors Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3459690","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1335_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3025978","volume":"25","author":"M Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, M., Li, X., Li, G., Hao, W., & Dobre, O. A. (2020). Sum rate maximization for IRS-assisted uplink NOMA. IEEE Communications Letters, 25(1), 234\u2013238.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"8","key":"1335_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2922609","volume":"18","author":"C Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, C., Zappone, A., Alexandropoulos, G. C., Debbah, M., & Yuen, C. (2019). Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 18(8), 4157\u20134170.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"1335_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6809","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116809","volume":"13","author":"AM Nor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nor, A. M., Fratu, O., & Halunga, S. (2023). Fingerprint based codebook for RIS passive beamforming training. Applied Sciences, 13(11), 6809.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"1335_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3334474","volume":"4","author":"AM Nor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nor, A. M., Fratu, O., & Halunga, S. (2023). Positioning information-based codebook for reconfigurable intelligent surface passive beamforming. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 4, 3115\u20133130.","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"},{"key":"1335_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nor, A.M., Sefati, S.S. Fratu, O., & Halunga, S. (2023). RXs Directions based codebook solution for passive RIS beamforming, In: 2023 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), IEEE, pp. 330\u2013335.","DOI":"10.1109\/BlackSeaCom58138.2023.10299786"},{"issue":"2","key":"1335_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.010.2200312","volume":"31","author":"J An","year":"2022","unstructured":"An, J., et al. (2022). Codebook-based solutions for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and their open challenges. IEEE Wireless Communications, 31(2), 134\u2013141.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"1335_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2924010","volume":"67","author":"A Zappone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zappone, A., Di Renzo, M., & Debbah, M. (2019). Wireless networks design in the era of deep learning: Model-based, AI-based, or both? IEEE Transactions on Communications, 67(10), 7331\u20137376.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"no. 4","key":"1335_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3017927","volume":"15","author":"H Gacanin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gacanin, H., & Di Renzo, M. (2020). Wireless 2.0: Toward an intelligent radio environment empowered by reconfigurable meta-surfaces and artificial intelligence. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 15(4), 74\u201382.","journal-title":"IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine"},{"key":"1335_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3359297","author":"M Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Tomar, A., & Hazra, A. (2024). Edge computing for industry 5.0: Fundamental, applications and research challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3359297","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"1335_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9223","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3005402","volume":"69","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, S., Gao, Z., Zhang, J., Di Renzo, M., & Alouini, M.-S. (2020). Deep denoising neural network assisted compressive channel estimation for mmWave intelligent reflecting surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69(8), 9223\u20139228.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"1335_CR37","unstructured":"Khan, S. Khan, K.S., Haider, N., & Shin, S.Y. (2019). Deep-learning-aided detection for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.09136."},{"key":"1335_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064073","volume":"9","author":"A Taha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taha, A., Alrabeiah, M., & Alkhateeb, A. (2021). Enabling large intelligent surfaces with compressive sensing and deep learning. IEEE Access, 9, 44304\u201344321.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1335_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418412","DOI":"10.3389\/fanpr.2024.1418412","volume":"2","author":"Y Gevez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gevez, Y., Tek, Y. I., & Basar, E. (2024). Dynamic RIS partitioning in NOMA systems using deep reinforcement learning. Frontiers in Antennas and Propagation, 2, 1418412.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"1335_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Tomar, A., & Hazra, A. (2024). Intelligent task offloading in IoT devices using deep reinforcement learning approaches, In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Omni-layer Intelligent Systems (COINS), IEEE, pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/COINS61597.2024.10622126"},{"issue":"6","key":"1335_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3071836","volume":"39","author":"C Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, C., et al. (2021). Multi-hop RIS-empowered terahertz communications: A DRL-based hybrid beamforming design. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 39(6), 1663\u20131677.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"1335_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000802","volume":"38","author":"C Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan, C., et al. (2020). Intelligent reflecting surface aided MIMO broadcasting for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 38(8), 1719\u20131734.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"1335_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abualhayjaa, M., Saber Hassouna, A., Centeno, Q.H.A., Rehman, M.U., Imran, M.A. & Mohjazi, L. (2023). Intelligent reflective surfaces (IRSs) for green networks.","DOI":"10.1049\/PBTE108E_ch9"},{"issue":"4","key":"1335_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12095","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liao, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Joint active and passive beamforming optimization for multigroup multicast system aided by intelligent reflecting surface. IET Communications, 15(4), 642\u2013652.","journal-title":"IET Communications"},{"issue":"9","key":"1335_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3186087","volume":"110","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, J., et al. (2022). Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Channel characterization and modeling. Proceedings of the IEEE, 110(9), 1290\u20131311.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"issue":"10","key":"1335_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3004330","volume":"19","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, L., & Cui, S. (2020). Channel estimation for intelligent reflecting surface assisted multiuser communications: Framework, algorithms, and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 19(10), 6607\u20136620.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"1335_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3100148","volume":"21","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, C., Liu, X., Ng, D. W. K., & Yuan, J. (2021). Deep residual learning for channel estimation in intelligent reflecting surface-assisted multi-user communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 21(2), 898\u2013912.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"1335_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad127","volume":"10","author":"Y Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han, Y., Tang, W., Li, X., Matthaiou, M., & Jin, S. (2023). CSI acquisition in RIS-assisted mobile communication systems. National Science Review, 10(8), Article nwad127.","journal-title":"National Science Review"},{"key":"1335_CR49","unstructured":"Lillicrap, T.P. (2015). Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning, arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.02971"}],"container-title":["Telecommunication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:28:27Z","timestamp":1757921307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01335-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-4864","1572-9451"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-4864","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9451","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"106"}}