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It can supplement radio frequency (RF) communications that carry much more information to solve the problem of RF bandwidth limitations. The widespread introduction of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) helps create an indoor positioning system, which is flexible at all places. However, the problems of visible light communication (VLC) positioning hinder the development of Li-Fi. Hence, there is a dire need for an extensive survey to explore Li-Fi and security vulnerabilities. In our survey paper, we present Li-Fi research methodology and discuss problems with the background and design specifications of Li-Fi. We map existing problems of VLC positioning with current positioning technologies that are characterized based on Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters such as speed, energy reduction, time complexity, transportability, accuracy, transmission distance, etc. This new characterization of positioning technologies based on QoS parameters can contribute to the Li-Fi domain. The advantages and disadvantages are thoroughly analyzed using a systematic literature review. Furthermore, we extensively explore the security vulnerabilities of Li-Fi on network and transport layers classify them into three main categories; and discuss Li-Fi heterogeneity support to ensure a constant and reliable connection. The strengths and limitations of Li-Fi are evaluated. Current and future Li-Fi IoT-enabled applications are reviewed. Positioning algorithms 9range-free, range-based, and hybrid) Li-Fi-supported algorithms are tested to determine their effectiveness from accuracy, time complexity, speed, energy reduction, transmission distance, and transportability standpoint. The Loophole-prevention and Li-Fi positioning improvements are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-025-01358-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T06:40:24Z","timestamp":1761288024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of Li-Fi technology: positioning algorithms, security vulnerabilities, and future IoT applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Razaque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Bektemyssova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meenhoon","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meer Jaro","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1358_CR1","unstructured":"FierceWireless, \u201cA lot of people want to be in AST SpaceMobile\u2019s orbit,\u201d Fierce Wireless, 2024. 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